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John Samuel Brownstein, Ph.D.

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Other Positions
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Institution
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Research
research activities and funding
The research activities and funding listed below are automatically derived from NIH ExPORTER and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing items. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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  1. R01LM011965 (BROWNSTEIN, JOHN S.) May 1, 2015 - Apr 30, 2018
    NIH/NLM
    An Approach for Estimating Foodborne Illnesses and Assessing Risk Factors
    Role: Principal Investigator
  2. R01LM010812 (BROWNSTEIN, JOHN S.) Jul 15, 2010 - Jul 14, 2016
    NIH/NLM
    A Platform for Modeling the Global Impact of Climate Change on Infectious Disease
    Role: Principal Investigator
  3. G08LM009776 (BROWNSTEIN, JOHN S.) Sep 30, 2009 - Sep 29, 2013
    NIH/NLM
    HealthMap: Knowledge Management for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence
    Role: Principal Investigator
  4. R21AI073591 (BROWNSTEIN, JOHN S.) Sep 30, 2007 - Aug 31, 2010
    NIH/NIAID
    Empirical space-time evaluation of priority groups for influenza control
    Role: Principal Investigator
  5. R21LM009263 (BROWNSTEIN, JOHN S.) Sep 30, 2006 - Sep 29, 2009
    NIH/NLM
    Informatics for empirically supported influenza pandemic control strategies
    Role: Principal Investigator

Bibliographic
selected publications
Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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  1. Sewalk KC, Tuli G, Hswen Y, Brownstein JS, Hawkins JB. Using Twitter to Examine Web-Based Patient Experience Sentiments in the United States: Longitudinal Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018 Oct 12; 20(10):e10043. PMID: 30314959.
    View in: PubMed
  2. Chakraborty P, Lewis B, Eubank S, Brownstein JS, Marathe M, Ramakrishnan N. What to know before forecasting the flu. PLoS Comput Biol. 2018 Oct; 14(10):e1005964. PMID: 30312305.
    View in: PubMed
  3. Hswen Y, Naslund JA, Brownstein JS, Hawkins JB. Online Communication about Depression and Anxiety among Twitter Users with Schizophrenia: Preliminary Findings to Inform a Digital Phenotype Using Social Media. Psychiatr Q. 2018 09; 89(3):569-580. PMID: 29327218.
    View in: PubMed
  4. Hswen Y, Sewalk KC, Alsentzer E, Tuli G, Brownstein JS, Hawkins JB. Investigating inequities in hospital care among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals using social media. Soc Sci Med. 2018 Oct; 215:92-97. PMID: 30219749.
    View in: PubMed
  5. Baltrusaitis K, Brownstein JS, Scarpino SV, Bakota E, Crawley AW, Conidi G, Gunn J, Gray J, Zink A, Santillana M. Comparison of crowd-sourced, electronic health records based, and traditional health-care based influenza-tracking systems at multiple spatial resolutions in the United States of America. BMC Infect Dis. 2018 Aug 15; 18(1):403. PMID: 30111305.
    View in: PubMed
  6. Hausmann JS, Berna R, Gujral N, Ayubi S, Hawkins J, Brownstein JS, Dedeoglu F. Using Smartphone Crowdsourcing to Redefine Normal and Febrile Temperatures in Adults: Results from the Feverprints Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2018 Aug 13. PMID: 30105481.
    View in: PubMed
  7. MacFadden DR, McGough SF, Fisman D, Santillana M, Brownstein JS. Antibiotic Resistance Increases with Local Temperature. Nat Clim Chang. 2018 Jun; 8(6):510-514. PMID: 30369964.
    View in: PubMed
  8. Ahmadvand A, Gatchel R, Brownstein J, Nissen L. The Biopsychosocial-Digital Approach to Health and Disease: Call for a Paradigm Expansion. J Med Internet Res. 2018 May 18; 20(5):e189. PMID: 29776900.
    View in: PubMed
  9. Harris JK, Hinyard L, Beatty K, Hawkins JB, Nsoesie EO, Mansour R, Brownstein JS. Evaluating the Implementation of a Twitter-Based Foodborne Illness Reporting Tool in the City of St. Louis Department of Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 04 24; 15(5). PMID: 29695038.
    View in: PubMed
  10. Lorthe TS, Pollack MP, Lassmann B, Brownstein JS, Cohn E, Divi N, Herrera-Guibert DJ, Olsen J, Smolinski MS, Madoff LC. Evaluation of the EpiCore outbreak verification system. Bull World Health Organ. 2018 May 01; 96(5):327-334. PMID: 29875517.
    View in: PubMed
  11. Lu FS, Hou S, Baltrusaitis K, Shah M, Leskovec J, Sosic R, Hawkins J, Brownstein J, Conidi G, Gunn J, Gray J, Zink A, Santillana M. Accurate Influenza Monitoring and Forecasting Using Novel Internet Data Streams: A Case Study in the Boston Metropolis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2018 Jan 09; 4(1):e4. PMID: 29317382.
    View in: PubMed
  12. Sinha MS, Freifeld CC, Brownstein JS, Donneyong MM, Rausch P, Lappin BM, Zhou EH, Dal Pan GJ, Pawar AM, Hwang TJ, Avorn J, Kesselheim AS. Social Media Impact of the Food and Drug Administration's Drug Safety Communication Messaging About Zolpidem: Mixed-Methods Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2018 Jan 05; 4(1):e1. PMID: 29305342.
    View in: PubMed
  13. Vayena E, Dzenowagis J, Brownstein JS, Sheikh A. Policy implications of big data in the health sector. Bull World Health Organ. 2018 Jan 01; 96(1):66-68. PMID: 29403102.
    View in: PubMed
  14. Brownstein JS, Chu S, Marathe A, Marathe MV, Nguyen AT, Paolotti D, Perra N, Perrotta D, Santillana M, Swarup S, Tizzoni M, Vespignani A, Vullikanti AKS, Wilson ML, Zhang Q. Combining Participatory Influenza Surveillance with Modeling and Forecasting: Three Alternative Approaches. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2017 Nov 01; 3(4):e83. PMID: 29092812.
    View in: PubMed
  15. Harris JK, Hawkins JB, Nguyen L, Nsoesie EO, Tuli G, Mansour R, Brownstein JS. Using Twitter to Identify and Respond to Food Poisoning: The Food Safety STL Project. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2017 Nov/Dec; 23(6):577-580. PMID: 28166175.
    View in: PubMed
  16. Wang A, Daneman N, Tan C, Brownstein JS, MacFadden DR. Evaluating the Relationship Between Hospital Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance in Common Nosocomial Pathogens. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017 12; 38(12):1457-1463. PMID: 29072150.
    View in: PubMed
  17. Kluberg SA, McGinnis DP, Hswen Y, Majumder MS, Santillana M, Brownstein JS. County-level assessment of United States kindergarten vaccination rates for measles mumps rubella (MMR) for the 2014-2015 school year. Vaccine. 2017 11 07; 35(47):6444-6450. PMID: 29037574.
    View in: PubMed
  18. Schwind JS, Norman SA, Karmacharya D, Wolking DJ, Dixit SM, Rajbhandari RM, Mekaru SR, Brownstein JS. Online surveillance of media health event reporting in Nepal: digital disease detection from a One Health perspective. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2017 09 21; 17(1):26. PMID: 28934949.
    View in: PubMed
  19. Hswen Y, Naslund JA, Chandrashekar P, Siegel R, Brownstein JS, Hawkins JB. Exploring online communication about cigarette smoking among Twitter users who self-identify as having schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2017 11; 257:479-484. PMID: 28841509.
    View in: PubMed
  20. Yang S, Kou SC, Lu F, Brownstein JS, Brooke N, Santillana M. Advances in using Internet searches to track dengue. PLoS Comput Biol. 2017 Jul; 13(7):e1005607. PMID: 28727821.
    View in: PubMed
  21. Tian H, Yu P, Chowell G, Li S, Wei J, Tian H, Lv W, Han Z, Yang J, Huang S, Zhou S, Brownstein JS, Wang J, Xu B. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Humans, Domesticated Animals, Ticks, and Mosquitoes, Shaanxi Province, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Jun; 96(6):1346-1349. PMID: 28719252.
    View in: PubMed
  22. Majumder MS, Brownstein JS, Finkelstein SN, Larson RC, Bourouiba L. Nosocomial amplification of MERS-coronavirus in South Korea, 2015. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2017 06 01; 111(6):261-269. PMID: 29044371.
    View in: PubMed
  23. Hswen Y, Brownstein JS, Liu J, Hawkins JB. Use of a Digital Health Application for Influenza Surveillance in China. Am J Public Health. 2017 07; 107(7):1130-1136. PMID: 28520492.
    View in: PubMed
  24. Henly S, Tuli G, Kluberg SA, Hawkins JB, Nguyen QC, Anema A, Maharana A, Brownstein JS, Nsoesie EO. Disparities in digital reporting of illness: A demographic and socioeconomic assessment. Prev Med. 2017 Aug; 101:18-22. PMID: 28528170.
    View in: PubMed
  25. Yang S, Santillana M, Brownstein JS, Gray J, Richardson S, Kou SC. Using electronic health records and Internet search information for accurate influenza forecasting. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 05 08; 17(1):332. PMID: 28482810.
    View in: PubMed
  26. Baltrusaitis K, Santillana M, Crawley AW, Chunara R, Smolinski M, Brownstein JS. Determinants of Participants' Follow-Up and Characterization of Representativeness in Flu Near You, A Participatory Disease Surveillance System. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2017 Apr 07; 3(2):e18. PMID: 28389417.
    View in: PubMed
  27. Majumder MS, Nguyen CM, Cohn EL, Hswen Y, Mekaru SR, Brownstein JS. Vaccine compliance and the 2016 Arkansas mumps outbreak. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 04; 17(4):361-362. PMID: 28346168.
    View in: PubMed
  28. Pierce CE, Bouri K, Pamer C, Proestel S, Rodriguez HW, Van Le H, Freifeld CC, Brownstein JS, Walderhaug M, Edwards IR, Dasgupta N. Evaluation of Facebook and Twitter Monitoring to Detect Safety Signals for Medical Products: An Analysis of Recent FDA Safety Alerts. Drug Saf. 2017 04; 40(4):317-331. PMID: 28044249.
    View in: PubMed
  29. Zinszer K, Morrison K, Verma A, Brownstein JS. Spatial Determinants of Ebola Virus Disease Risk for the West African Epidemic. PLoS Curr. 2017 Mar 31; 9. PMID: 28439448.
    View in: PubMed
  30. Ghosh S, Chakraborty P, Nsoesie EO, Cohn E, Mekaru SR, Brownstein JS, Ramakrishnan N. Temporal Topic Modeling to Assess Associations between News Trends and Infectious Disease Outbreaks. Sci Rep. 2017 01 19; 7:40841. PMID: 28102319.
    View in: PubMed
  31. Zinszer K, Morrison K, Brownstein JS, Marinho F, Santos AF, Nsoesie EO. Reconstruction of Zika Virus Introduction in Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 01; 23(1):91-94. PMID: 27618573.
    View in: PubMed
  32. McGough SF, Brownstein JS, Hawkins JB, Santillana M. Forecasting Zika Incidence in the 2016 Latin America Outbreak Combining Traditional Disease Surveillance with Search, Social Media, and News Report Data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 01; 11(1):e0005295. PMID: 28085877.
    View in: PubMed
  33. Alhamlan FS, Majumder MS, Brownstein JS, Hawkins J, Al-Abdely HM, Alzahrani A, Obaid DA, Al-Ahdal MN, BinSaeed A. Case characteristics among Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak and non-outbreak cases in Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2015. BMJ Open. 2017 01 12; 7(1):e011865. PMID: 28082362.
    View in: PubMed
  34. Kraemer MUG, Faria NR, Reiner RC, Golding N, Nikolay B, Stasse S, Johansson MA, Salje H, Faye O, Wint GRW, Niedrig M, Shearer FM, Hill SC, Thompson RN, Bisanzio D, Taveira N, Nax HH, Pradelski BSR, Nsoesie EO, Murphy NR, Bogoch II, Khan K, Brownstein JS, Tatem AJ, de Oliveira T, Smith DL, Sall AA, Pybus OG, Hay SI, Cauchemez S. Spread of yellow fever virus outbreak in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2015-16: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 03; 17(3):330-338. PMID: 28017559.
    View in: PubMed
  35. Tian H, Huang S, Zhou S, Bi P, Yang Z, Li X, Chen L, Cazelles B, Yang J, Luo L, Jing Q, Yuan W, Pei Y, Sun Z, Yue T, Wan MP, Liu Q, Wang M, Tong S, Brownstein JS, Xu B. Corrigendum to "Surface water areas significantly impacted 2014 dengue outbreaks in Guangzhou, China" [Environ. Res. 150 (2016) 299-305]. Environ Res. 2017 04; 154:459-460. PMID: 28012555.
    View in: PubMed
  36. Nsoesie EO, Flor L, Hawkins J, Maharana A, Skotnes T, Marinho F, Brownstein JS. Social Media as a Sentinel for Disease Surveillance: What Does Sociodemographic Status Have to Do with It? PLoS Curr. 2016 Dec 07; 8. PMID: 28123858.
    View in: PubMed
  37. MacFadden DR, Fisman D, Andre J, Ara Y, Majumder MS, Bogoch II, Daneman N, Wang A, Vavitsas M, Castellani L, Brownstein JS. A Platform for Monitoring Regional Antimicrobial Resistance, Using Online Data Sources: ResistanceOpen. J Infect Dis. 2016 12 01; 214(suppl_4):S393-S398. PMID: 28830108.
    View in: PubMed
  38. Powell GA, Zinszer K, Verma A, Bahk C, Madoff L, Brownstein J, Buckeridge D. Media content about vaccines in the United States and Canada, 2012-2014: An analysis using data from the Vaccine Sentimeter. Vaccine. 2016 12 07; 34(50):6229-6235. PMID: 27817958.
    View in: PubMed
  39. Kluberg SA, Mekaru SR, McIver DJ, Madoff LC, Crawley AW, Smolinski MS, Brownstein JS. Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection, 1996-2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 10; 22(10):E1-6. PMID: 27649306.
    View in: PubMed
  40. Johansson MA, Reich NG, Hota A, Brownstein JS, Santillana M. Evaluating the performance of infectious disease forecasts: A comparison of climate-driven and seasonal dengue forecasts for Mexico. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 26; 6:33707. PMID: 27665707.
    View in: PubMed
  41. Majumder MS, Nguyen CM, Mekaru SR, Brownstein JS. Yellow fever vaccination coverage heterogeneities in Luanda province, Angola. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 09; 16(9):993-995. PMID: 27684332.
    View in: PubMed
  42. Bogoch II, Brady OJ, Kraemer MUG, German M, Creatore MI, Brent S, Watts AG, Hay SI, Kulkarni MA, Brownstein JS, Khan K. Potential for Zika virus introduction and transmission in resource-limited countries in Africa and the Asia-Pacific region: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Nov; 16(11):1237-1245. PMID: 27593584.
    View in: PubMed
  43. McGinnis DP, Brownstein JS, Patel CJ. Environment-Wide Association Study of Blood Pressure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2012). Sci Rep. 2016 07 26; 6:30373. PMID: 27457472.
    View in: PubMed
  44. Zhou S, Tian H, Wu X, Xu B, Yang J, Chan KK, Huang S, Dong L, Brownstein J, Xu B. Genetic evidence for avian influenza H5N1 viral transmission along the Black Sea-Mediterranean Flyway. J Gen Virol. 2016 09; 97(9):2129-34. PMID: 27443670.
    View in: PubMed
  45. Herrera JL, Srinivasan R, Brownstein JS, Galvani AP, Meyers LA. Disease Surveillance on Complex Social Networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2016 07; 12(7):e1004928. PMID: 27415615.
    View in: PubMed
  46. Tian H, Huang S, Zhou S, Bi P, Yang Z, Li X, Chen L, Cazelles B, Yang J, Luo L, Jing Q, Yuan W, Pei Y, Sun Z, Yue T, Kwan MP, Liu Q, Wang M, Tong S, Brownstein JS, Xu B. Surface water areas significantly impacted 2014 dengue outbreaks in Guangzhou, China. Environ Res. 2016 10; 150:299-305. PMID: 27336234.
    View in: PubMed
  47. Majumder MS, Santillana M, Mekaru SR, McGinnis DP, Khan K, Brownstein JS. Utilizing Nontraditional Data Sources for Near Real-Time Estimation of Transmission Dynamics During the 2015-2016 Colombian Zika Virus Disease Outbreak. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2016 Jun 01; 2(1):e30. PMID: 27251981; PMCID: PMC4909981.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  48. Nsoesie EO, Kraemer MU, Golding N, Pigott DM, Brady OJ, Moyes CL, Johansson MA, Gething PW, Velayudhan R, Khan K, Hay SI, Brownstein JS. Global distribution and environmental suitability for chikungunya virus, 1952 to 2015. Euro Surveill. 2016 May 19; 21(20). PMID: 27239817; PMCID: PMC4902126.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  49. Wilder-Smith A, Cohn E, Lloyd DC, Tozan Y, Brownstein JS. Internet-based media coverage on dengue in Sri Lanka between 2007 and 2015. Glob Health Action. 2016; 9:31620. PMID: 27178645; PMCID: PMC4867046.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  50. Santillana M, Nguyen AT, Louie T, Zink A, Gray J, Sung I, Brownstein JS. Cloud-based Electronic Health Records for Real-time, Region-specific Influenza Surveillance. Sci Rep. 2016 05 11; 6:25732. PMID: 27165494.
    View in: PubMed
  51. Powell GE, Seifert HA, Reblin T, Burstein PJ, Blowers J, Menius JA, Painter JL, Thomas M, Pierce CE, Rodriguez HW, Brownstein JS, Freifeld CC, Bell HG, Dasgupta N. Social Media Listening for Routine Post-Marketing Safety Surveillance. Drug Saf. 2016 May; 39(5):443-54. PMID: 26798054.
    View in: PubMed
  52. Messina JP, Kraemer MU, Brady OJ, Pigott DM, Shearer FM, Weiss DJ, Golding N, Ruktanonchai CW, Gething PW, Cohn E, Brownstein JS, Khan K, Tatem AJ, Jaenisch T, Murray CJ, Marinho F, Scott TW, Hay SI. Mapping global environmental suitability for Zika virus. Elife. 2016 04 19; 5. PMID: 27090089.
    View in: PubMed
  53. Ndeffo-Mbah ML, Durham DP, Skrip LA, Nsoesie EO, Brownstein JS, Fish D, Galvani AP. Evaluating the effectiveness of localized control strategies to curtail chikungunya. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 05; 6:23997. PMID: 27045523; PMCID: PMC4820747.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  54. Bahk CY, Cumming M, Paushter L, Madoff LC, Thomson A, Brownstein JS. Publicly Available Online Tool Facilitates Real-Time Monitoring Of Vaccine Conversations And Sentiments. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016 Feb; 35(2):341-7. PMID: 26858390.
    View in: PubMed
  55. Bogoch II, Brady OJ, Kraemer MUG, German M, Creatore MI, Kulkarni MA, Brownstein JS, Mekaru SR, Hay SI, Groot E, Watts A, Khan K. Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet. 2016 Jan 23; 387(10016):335-336. PMID: 26777915.
    View in: PubMed
  56. Paul MJ, Sarker A, Brownstein JS, Nikfarjam A, Scotch M, Smith KL, Gonzalez G. SOCIAL MEDIA MINING FOR PUBLIC HEALTH MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE. Pac Symp Biocomput. 2016; 21:468-79. PMID: 26776210.
    View in: PubMed
  57. Wilder-Smith A, Cohn E, Lloyd DC, Tozan Y, Brownstein JS. Internet-based media coverage on dengue in Sri Lanka between 2007 and 2015. Glob Health Action. 2016 Jan; 9(1):31620. PMID: 28157006.
    View in: PubMed
  58. Dart RC, Surratt HL, Le Lait MC, Stivers Y, Bebarta VS, Freifeld CC, Brownstein JS, Burke JJ, Kurtz SP, Dasgupta N. Diversion and Illicit Sale of Extended Release Tapentadol in the United States. Pain Med. 2016 08; 17(8):1490-6. PMID: 26814267.
    View in: PubMed
  59. Brownstein JS, Huston JE, Steingold L, Joyce MV. On-demand delivery of influenza vaccination. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 17; 163(10):806-7. PMID: 26571249.
    View in: PubMed
  60. Majumder MS, Kluberg SA, Mekaru SR, Brownstein JS. Mortality Risk Factors for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak, South Korea, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Nov; 21(11):2088-90. PMID: 26488869; PMCID: PMC4622268.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  61. Santillana M, Nguyen AT, Dredze M, Paul MJ, Nsoesie EO, Brownstein JS. Combining Search, Social Media, and Traditional Data Sources to Improve Influenza Surveillance. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015 Oct; 11(10):e1004513. PMID: 26513245; PMCID: PMC4626021.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  62. Althouse BM, Scarpino SV, Meyers LA, Ayers JW, Bargsten M, Baumbach J, Brownstein JS, Castro L, Clapham H, Cummings DA, Del Valle S, Eubank S, Fairchild G, Finelli L, Generous N, George D, Harper DR, Hébert-Dufresne L, Johansson MA, Konty K, Lipsitch M, Milinovich G, Miller JD, Nsoesie EO, Olson DR, Paul M, Polgreen PM, Priedhorsky R, Read JM, Rodríguez-Barraquer I, Smith DJ, Stefansen C, Swerdlow DL, Thompson D, Vespignani A, Wesolowski A. Enhancing disease surveillance with novel data streams: challenges and opportunities. EPJ Data Sci. 2015; 4. PMID: 27990325.
    View in: PubMed
  63. Hawkins JB, Brownstein JS, Tuli G, Runels T, Broecker K, Nsoesie EO, McIver DJ, Rozenblum R, Wright A, Bourgeois FT, Greaves F. Measuring patient-perceived quality of care in US hospitals using Twitter. BMJ Qual Saf. 2016 06; 25(6):404-13. PMID: 26464518.
    View in: PubMed
  64. McIver DJ, Grizales AM, Brownstein JS, Goldfine AB. Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Is Lower in US Adults Taking Chromium-Containing Supplements. J Nutr. 2015 Dec; 145(12):2675-82. PMID: 26446484; PMCID: PMC4656904 [Available on 12/01/16].
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  65. Kesselheim AS, Campbell EG, Schneeweiss S, Rausch P, Lappin BM, Zhou EH, Seeger JD, Brownstein JS, Woloshin S, Schwartz LM, Toomey T, Dal Pan GJ, Avorn J. Erratum to: Methodological Approaches to Evaluate the Impact of FDA Drug Safety Communications. Drug Saf. 2015 Sep; 38(9):845. PMID: 26201399.
    View in: PubMed
  66. Zinszer K, Morrison K, Anema A, Majumder MS, Brownstein JS. The velocity of Ebola spread in parts of west Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Sep; 15(9):1005-1007. PMID: 26333328.
    View in: PubMed
  67. Majumder MS, Huston JE, Brownstein JS. Vaccination Compliance and the US Measles Epidemic--Reply. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Sep; 169(9):877-8. PMID: 26348860.
    View in: PubMed
  68. Nsoesie EO, Ricketts RP, Brown HE, Fish D, Durham DP, Ndeffo Mbah ML, Christian T, Ahmed S, Marcellin C, Shelly E, Owers K, Wenzel N, Galvani AP, Brownstein JS. Spatial and Temporal Clustering of Chikungunya Virus Transmission in Dominica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015; 9(8):e0003977. PMID: 26274813; PMCID: PMC4537218.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  69. Smolinski MS, Crawley AW, Baltrusaitis K, Chunara R, Olsen JM, Wójcik O, Santillana M, Nguyen A, Brownstein JS. Flu Near You: Crowdsourced Symptom Reporting Spanning 2 Influenza Seasons. Am J Public Health. 2015 Oct; 105(10):2124-30. PMID: 26270299; PMCID: PMC4566540.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  70. Bahk CY, Goshgarian M, Donahue K, Freifeld CC, Menone CM, Pierce CE, Rodriguez H, Brownstein JS, Furberg R, Dasgupta N. Increasing Patient Engagement in Pharmacovigilance Through Online Community Outreach and Mobile Reporting Applications: An Analysis of Adverse Event Reporting for the Essure Device in the US. Pharmaceut Med. 2015; 29(6):331-340. PMID: 26635479.
    View in: PubMed
  71. Olson SH, Benedum CM, Mekaru SR, Preston ND, Mazet JA, Joly DO, Brownstein JS. Drivers of Emerging Infectious Disease Events as a Framework for Digital Detection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Aug; 21(8):1285-92. PMID: 26196106; PMCID: PMC4517741.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  72. Hoen AG, Hladish TJ, Eggo RM, Lenczner M, Brownstein JS, Meyers LA. Epidemic Wave Dynamics Attributable to Urban Community Structure: A Theoretical Characterization of Disease Transmission in a Large Network. J Med Internet Res. 2015 Jul 08; 17(7):e169. PMID: 26156032; PMCID: PMC4526984.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  73. Messina JP, Pigott DM, Golding N, Duda KA, Brownstein JS, Weiss DJ, Gibson H, Robinson TP, Gilbert M, William Wint GR, Nuttall PA, Gething PW, Myers MF, George DB, Hay SI. The global distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Aug; 109(8):503-13. PMID: 26142451.
    View in: PubMed
  74. MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Brownstein JS, Daneman N, Fisman D, German M, Khan K. A passage from India: Association between air traffic and reported cases of New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase 1 from 2007 to 2012. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2015 Jul-Aug; 13(4):295-9. PMID: 26143595.
    View in: PubMed
  75. Zinszer K, Kigozi R, Charland K, Dorsey G, Brewer TF, Brownstein JS, Kamya MR, Buckeridge DL. Forecasting malaria in a highly endemic country using environmental and clinical predictors. Malar J. 2015 Jun 18; 14:245. PMID: 26081838; PMCID: PMC4470343.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  76. Patel NG, Rorres C, Joly DO, Brownstein JS, Boston R, Levy MZ, Smith G. Quantitative methods of identifying the key nodes in the illegal wildlife trade network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jun 30; 112(26):7948-53. PMID: 26080413; PMCID: PMC4491747.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  77. McIver DJ, Hawkins JB, Chunara R, Chatterjee AK, Bhandari A, Fitzgerald TP, Jain SH, Brownstein JS. Characterizing Sleep Issues Using Twitter. J Med Internet Res. 2015 Jun 08; 17(6):e140. PMID: 26054530; PMCID: PMC4526927.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  78. Kesselheim AS, Campbell EG, Schneeweiss S, Rausch P, Lappin BM, Zhou EH, Seeger JD, Brownstein JS, Woloshin S, Schwartz LM, Toomey T, Dal Pan GJ, Avorn J. Methodological approaches to evaluate the impact of FDA drug safety communications. Drug Saf. 2015 Jun; 38(6):565-75. PMID: 25968811.
    View in: PubMed
  79. Goff J, Rowe A, Brownstein JS, Chunara R. Surveillance of Acute Respiratory Infections Using Community-Submitted Symptoms and Specimens for Molecular Diagnostic Testing. PLoS Curr. 2015 May 27; 7. PMID: 26075141; PMCID: PMC4455990.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  80. Ahmed SS, Oviedo-Orta E, Mekaru SR, Freifeld CC, Tougas G, Brownstein JS. Surveillance for Neisseria meningitidis Disease Activity and Transmission Using Information Technology. PLoS One. 2015; 10(5):e0127406. PMID: 25992552.
    View in: PubMed
  81. Fast SM, Mekaru S, Brownstein JS, Postlethwaite TA, Markuzon N. The Role of Social Mobilization in Controlling Ebola Virus in Lofa County, Liberia. PLoS Curr. 2015 May 15; 7. PMID: 26075140; PMCID: PMC4455978.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  82. Jain SH, Powers BW, Hawkins JB, Brownstein JS. The digital phenotype. Nat Biotechnol. 2015 May; 33(5):462-3. PMID: 25965751.
    View in: PubMed
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  169. Ayers JW, Ribisl KM, Brownstein JS. Tracking the rise in popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (electronic cigarettes) using search query surveillance. Am J Prev Med. 2011 Apr; 40(4):448-53. PMID: 21406279.
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  170. Ayers JW, Ribisl K, Brownstein JS. Using search query surveillance to monitor tax avoidance and smoking cessation following the United States' 2009 "SCHIP" cigarette tax increase. PLoS One. 2011 Mar 16; 6(3):e16777. PMID: 21436883; PMCID: PMC3059206.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  171. Charland KM, Brownstein JS, Verma A, Brien S, Buckeridge DL. Socio-economic disparities in the burden of seasonal influenza: the effect of social and material deprivation on rates of influenza infection. PLoS One. 2011 Feb 17; 6(2):e17207. PMID: 21359150; PMCID: PMC3040776.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  172. Charland KM, Brownstein JS, Verma A, Brewer T, Jones S, Hoen AG, Buckeridge DL. Increased influenza-related healthcare utilization by residents of an urban aboriginal community. Epidemiol Infect. 2011 Dec; 139(12):1902-8. PMID: 21251347; PMCID: PMC4313877.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  173. Fine AM, Brownstein JS, Nigrovic LE, Kimia AA, Olson KL, Thompson AD, Mandl KD. Integrating spatial epidemiology into a decision model for evaluation of facial palsy in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Jan; 165(1):61-7. PMID: 21199982; PMCID: PMC3644029.
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  174. Lee K, Brownstein JS, Mills RG, Kohane IS. Does collocation inform the impact of collaboration? PLoS One. 2010 Dec 15; 5(12):e14279. PMID: 21179507; PMCID: PMC3002263.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  175. Pearson JF, Brownstein CA, Brownstein JS. Potential for electronic health records and online social networking to redefine medical research. Clin Chem. 2011 Feb; 57(2):196-204. PMID: 21159898.
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  176. Freifeld CC, Chunara R, Mekaru SR, Chan EH, Kass-Hout T, Ayala Iacucci A, Brownstein JS. Participatory epidemiology: use of mobile phones for community-based health reporting. PLoS Med. 2010 Dec 07; 7(12):e1000376. PMID: 21151888; PMCID: PMC2998443.
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  177. Chan EH, Brewer TF, Madoff LC, Pollack MP, Sonricker AL, Keller M, Freifeld CC, Blench M, Mawudeku A, Brownstein JS. Global capacity for emerging infectious disease detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 14; 107(50):21701-6. PMID: 21115835.
    View in: PubMed
  178. Reis BY, Brownstein JS. Measuring the impact of health policies using Internet search patterns: the case of abortion. BMC Public Health. 2010 Aug 25; 10:514. PMID: 20738850; PMCID: PMC2936430.
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  179. Nelson NP, Brownstein JS, Hartley DM. Event-based biosurveillance of respiratory disease in Mexico, 2007-2009: connection to the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic? Euro Surveill. 2010 Jul 29; 15(30). PMID: 20684815.
    View in: PubMed
  180. Pearson JF, Bachireddy C, Shyamprasad S, Goldfine AB, Brownstein JS. Association between fine particulate matter and diabetes prevalence in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2010 Oct; 33(10):2196-201. PMID: 20628090; PMCID: PMC2945160.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  181. Wilson K, Brownstein JS, Fidler DP. Strengthening the International Health Regulations: lessons from the H1N1 pandemic. Health Policy Plan. 2010 Nov; 25(6):505-9. PMID: 20595331; PMCID: PMC2957909.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  182. Brownstein JS, Green TC, Cassidy TA, Butler SF. Geographic information systems and pharmacoepidemiology: using spatial cluster detection to monitor local patterns of prescription opioid abuse. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010 Jun; 19(6):627-37. PMID: 20535759; PMCID: PMC2946404.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  183. Brownstein JS, Freifeld CC, Chan EH, Keller M, Sonricker AL, Mekaru SR, Buckeridge DL. Information technology and global surveillance of cases of 2009 H1N1 influenza. N Engl J Med. 2010 May 06; 362(18):1731-5. PMID: 20445186; PMCID: PMC2922910.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  184. Hoen AG, Buckeridge DL, Chan EH, Freifeld CC, Keller M, Charland K, Donnelly CA, Brownstein JS. Characteristics of US public schools with reported cases of novel influenza A (H1N1). Int J Infect Dis. 2010 Sep; 14 Suppl 3:e6-8. PMID: 20363169; PMCID: PMC2914813.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  185. Khan K, Memish ZA, Chabbra A, Liauw J, Hu W, Janes DA, Sears J, Arino J, Macdonald M, Calderon F, Raposo P, Heidebrecht C, Wang J, Chan A, Brownstein J, Gardam M. Global public health implications of a mass gathering in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the midst of an influenza pandemic. J Travel Med. 2010 Mar-Apr; 17(2):75-81. PMID: 20412172.
    View in: PubMed
  186. Khan K, Freifeld CC, Wang J, Mekaru SR, Kossowsky D, Sonricker AL, Hu W, Sears J, Chan A, Brownstein JS. Preparing for infectious disease threats at mass gatherings: the case of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games. CMAJ. 2010 Apr 06; 182(6):579-83. PMID: 20181726; PMCID: PMC2845686.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  187. Brownstein JS, Murphy SN, Goldfine AB, Grant RW, Sordo M, Gainer V, Colecchi JA, Dubey A, Nathan DM, Glaser JP, Kohane IS. Rapid identification of myocardial infarction risk associated with diabetes medications using electronic medical records. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar; 33(3):526-31. PMID: 20009093; PMCID: PMC2827502.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  188. Keller M, Freifeld CC, Brownstein JS. Automated vocabulary discovery for geo-parsing online epidemic intelligence. BMC Bioinformatics. 2009 Nov 24; 10:385. PMID: 19930702; PMCID: PMC2787530.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  189. Dasgupta N, Mandl KD, Brownstein JS. Breaking the news or fueling the epidemic? Temporal association between news media report volume and opioid-related mortality. PLoS One. 2009 Nov 18; 4(11):e7758. PMID: 19924221; PMCID: PMC2771898.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  190. Sasaki A, Hoen AG, Ozonoff A, Suzuki H, Tanabe N, Seki N, Saito R, Brownstein JS. Evidence-based tool for triggering school closures during influenza outbreaks, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Nov; 15(11):1841-3. PMID: 19891880; PMCID: PMC2857248.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  191. Anema A, Freifeld CC, Druyts E, Montaner JS, Hogg RS, Brownstein JS. An assessment of global Internet-based HIV/AIDS media coverage: implications for United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS' Global Media HIV/AIDS initiative. Int J STD AIDS. 2010 Jan; 21(1):26-9. PMID: 19833689.
    View in: PubMed
  192. Brownstein CA, Brownstein JS, Williams DS, Wicks P, Heywood JA. The power of social networking in medicine. Nat Biotechnol. 2009 Oct; 27(10):888-90. PMID: 19816437.
    View in: PubMed
  193. Brei B, Brownstein JS, George JE, Pound JM, Miller JA, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Stafford KC, Schulze TL, Mather TN, Carroll JF, Fish D. Evaluation of the United States Department Of Agriculture Northeast Area-wide Tick Control Project by meta-analysis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009 Aug; 9(4):423-30. PMID: 19650737; PMCID: PMC2904192.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  194. Brownstein JS, Freifeld CC, Madoff LC. Influenza A (H1N1) virus, 2009--online monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 21; 360(21):2156. PMID: 19423868; PMCID: PMC2922951.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  195. Brownstein JS, Freifeld CC, Madoff LC. Digital disease detection--harnessing the Web for public health surveillance. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 21; 360(21):2153-5, 2157. PMID: 19423867; PMCID: PMC2917042.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  196. Keller M, Blench M, Tolentino H, Freifeld CC, Mandl KD, Mawudeku A, Eysenbach G, Brownstein JS. Use of unstructured event-based reports for global infectious disease surveillance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 May; 15(5):689-95. PMID: 19402953; PMCID: PMC2687026.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  197. Wilson K, Brownstein JS. Early detection of disease outbreaks using the Internet. CMAJ. 2009 Apr 14; 180(8):829-31. PMID: 19364791; PMCID: PMC2665960.
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  198. Charland KM, Buckeridge DL, Sturtevant JL, Melton F, Reis BY, Mandl KD, Brownstein JS. Effect of environmental factors on the spatio-temporal patterns of influenza spread. Epidemiol Infect. 2009 Oct; 137(10):1377-87. PMID: 19296868.
    View in: PubMed
  199. Butler SF, Budman SH, Licari A, Cassidy TA, Lioy K, Dickinson J, Brownstein JS, Benneyan JC, Green TC, Katz N. National addictions vigilance intervention and prevention program (NAVIPPRO): a real-time, product-specific, public health surveillance system for monitoring prescription drug abuse. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008 Dec; 17(12):1142-54. PMID: 18932173.
    View in: PubMed
  200. Brownstein JS, Freifeld CC, Reis BY, Mandl KD. Surveillance Sans Frontières: Internet-based emerging infectious disease intelligence and the HealthMap project. PLoS Med. 2008 Jul 08; 5(7):e151. PMID: 18613747; PMCID: PMC2443186.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  201. Brownstein JS, Mandl KD. Pediatric population size is associated with geographic patterns of acute respiratory infections among adults. Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Jul; 52(1):63-8. PMID: 18374453; PMCID: PMC2597284.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  202. Bourgeois FT, Simons WW, Olson K, Brownstein JS, Mandl KD. Evaluation of influenza prevention in the workplace using a personally controlled health record: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2008 Mar 14; 10(1):e5. PMID: 18343794; PMCID: PMC2483848.
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  203. Brownstein CA, Brownstein JS. Estimating excess mortality in post-invasion Iraq. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 31; 358(5):445-7. PMID: 18184951.
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  204. Anema A, Mills E, Montaner J, Brownstein JS, Cooper C. Efficacy of influenza vaccination in HIV-positive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Med. 2008 Jan; 9(1):57-61. PMID: 18199173.
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  205. Sebastian R, Skowronski DM, Chong M, Dhaliwal J, Brownstein JS. Age-related trends in the timeliness and prediction of medical visits, hospitalizations and deaths due to pneumonia and influenza, British Columbia, Canada, 1998-2004. Vaccine. 2008 Mar 04; 26(10):1397-403. PMID: 18280620; PMCID: PMC2376828.
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  206. Freifeld CC, Mandl KD, Reis BY, Brownstein JS. HealthMap: global infectious disease monitoring through automated classification and visualization of Internet media reports. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2008 Mar-Apr; 15(2):150-7. PMID: 18096908; PMCID: PMC2274789.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  207. Brownstein JS, Freifeld CC. HealthMap: the development of automated real-time internet surveillance for epidemic intelligence. Euro Surveill. 2007 Nov 29; 12(11):E071129.5. PMID: 18053570.
    View in: PubMed
  208. Sturtevant JL, Anema A, Brownstein JS. The new International Health Regulations: considerations for global public health surveillance. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2007 Nov; 1(2):117-21. PMID: 18388639.
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  209. Brownstein JS, Sordo M, Kohane IS, Mandl KD. The tell-tale heart: population-based surveillance reveals an association of rofecoxib and celecoxib with myocardial infarction. PLoS One. 2007 Sep 05; 2(9):e840. PMID: 17786211; PMCID: PMC1950690.
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  210. Wieland SC, Brownstein JS, Berger B, Mandl KD. Automated real time constant-specificity surveillance for disease outbreaks. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007 Jun 13; 7:15. PMID: 17567912; PMCID: PMC1919360.
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  211. Wieland SC, Brownstein JS, Berger B, Mandl KD. Density-equalizing Euclidean minimum spanning trees for the detection of all disease cluster shapes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 29; 104(22):9404-9. PMID: 17519338; PMCID: PMC1890507.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  212. Brownstein JS, Cassa CA, Kohane IS, Mandl KD. An unsupervised classification method for inferring original case locations from low-resolution disease maps. Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 08; 5:56. PMID: 17156451; PMCID: PMC1702538.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  213. Brownstein JS, Cassa CA, Mandl KD. No place to hide--reverse identification of patients from published maps. N Engl J Med. 2006 Oct 19; 355(16):1741-2. PMID: 17050904.
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  214. Brownstein JS, Wolfe CJ, Mandl KD. Empirical evidence for the effect of airline travel on inter-regional influenza spread in the United States. PLoS Med. 2006 Sep; 3(10):e401. PMID: 16968115; PMCID: PMC1564183.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  215. Kimia A, Brownstein JS, Olson KL, Zak V, Bourgeois FT, Mandl KD. Lumbar puncture ordering and results in the pediatric population: a promising data source for surveillance systems. Acad Emerg Med. 2006 Jul; 13(7):767-73. PMID: 16690814.
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  216. Diuk-Wasser MA, Gatewood AG, Cortinas MR, Yaremych-Hamer S, Tsao J, Kitron U, Hickling G, Brownstein JS, Walker E, Piesman J, Fish D. Spatiotemporal patterns of host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J Med Entomol. 2006 Mar; 43(2):166-76. PMID: 16619595.
    View in: PubMed
  217. Bourgeois FT, Olson KL, Brownstein JS, McAdam AJ, Mandl KD. Validation of syndromic surveillance for respiratory infections. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Mar; 47(3):265.e1. PMID: 16492494.
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  218. Brownstein JS, Mandl KD. Reengineering real time outbreak detection systems for influenza epidemic monitoring. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006; 866. PMID: 17238486; PMCID: PMC1839573.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  219. Brownstein JS, Skelly DK, Holford TR, Fish D. Forest fragmentation predicts local scale heterogeneity of Lyme disease risk. Oecologia. 2005 Dec; 146(3):469-75. PMID: 16187106.
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  220. Reis BY, Brownstein JS, Mandl KD. Running outside the baseline: impact of the 2004 Major League Baseball postseason on emergency department use. Ann Emerg Med. 2005 Oct; 46(4):386-7. PMID: 16183403.
    View in: PubMed
  221. Brownstein JS, Kleinman KP, Mandl KD. Identifying pediatric age groups for influenza vaccination using a real-time regional surveillance system. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Oct 01; 162(7):686-93. PMID: 16107568; PMCID: PMC1266301.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  222. Brownstein JS, Holford TR, Fish D. Effect of Climate Change on Lyme Disease Risk in North America. Ecohealth. 2005 Mar; 2(1):38-46. PMID: 19008966.
    View in: PubMed
  223. Brownstein JS, Cassa CA, Kohane IS, Mandl KD. Reverse geocoding: concerns about patient confidentiality in the display of geospatial health data. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2005; 905. PMID: 16779192; PMCID: PMC1560748.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  224. Derdáková M, Dudiòák V, Brei B, Brownstein JS, Schwartz I, Fish D. Interaction and transmission of two Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strains in a tick-rodent maintenance system. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Nov; 70(11):6783-8. PMID: 15528545; PMCID: PMC525125.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  225. Madhav NK, Brownstein JS, Tsao JI, Fish D. A dispersal model for the range expansion of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 2004 Sep; 41(5):842-52. PMID: 15535611.
    View in: PubMed
  226. Brownstein JS, Holford TR, Fish D. Enhancing West Nile virus surveillance, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Jun; 10(6):1129-33. PMID: 15207069; PMCID: PMC3323153.
    View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
  227. Brownstein JS, Hett E, O'Neill SL. The potential of virulent Wolbachia to modulate disease transmission by insects. J Invertebr Pathol. 2003 Sep; 84(1):24-9. PMID: 13678709.
    View in: PubMed
  228. Brownstein JS, Holford TR, Fish D. A climate-based model predicts the spatial distribution of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in the United States. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Jul; 111(9):1152-7. PMID: 12842766.
    View in: PubMed
  229. Brownstein JS, Rosen H, Purdy D, Miller JR, Merlino M, Mostashari F, Fish D. Spatial analysis of West Nile virus: rapid risk assessment of an introduced vector-borne zoonosis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2002; 2(3):157-64. PMID: 12737545.
    View in: PubMed
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©2018 President and Fellows of Harvard College
Funded by the NIH/NCATS Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program, grant number UL1TR001102, and through institutional support from Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute.