Michael D Howell, M.D.
| Title | Associate Professor of Medicine |
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| Institution | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center |
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| Department | Medicine |
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| Address | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Stoneman 738 - East Campus 330 Brookline Ave Boston MA 02215
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| Phone | 617/667-2266 |
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Biography | 1991 -
1999 | Rice-Baylor Medical Scholars Program | | 1999 -
| Alpha Omega Alpha | | 1999 -
| Best Research Presentation in Clinical Medicine – 1999 Research Symposium of the Baylor Dept of Med. | | 2000 -
| James Tullis Award | | 2002 -
| HMS Medical Student Resident Teaching Award Nominee | | 2002 -
| James McGee Medical Housestaff Teaching Award | | 2005 -
| 7th Annual Academic Physicians Leadership Development Program | | 2006 -
| Patient Safety Core Faculty | | 2007 -
| Robert M. Melzer Leadership Award | | 2008 -
| Massachusetts Medical Law Report Rx for Excellence Award |
Overview Dr. Howell’s clinical, administrative, teaching, and research activities align around the care of critically ill and injured patient, and those with incipient critical illness. He is the Director of Critical Care Quality and the Associate Director of Medical Critical Care at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Silverman Institute for Health Care Quality and Safety. The Critical Care Quality division helps align and implement quality and safety priorities across all of the nine adult intensive care units and five physician specialties that provide critical care at the BIDMC. He also serves on the Patient Safety Core Faculty at BIDMC.
Before entering medicine, Dr. Howell consulted in materials purchasing workflow analysis and automation for the company which built most of the space shuttle. This longstanding interest in putting the right person in the right place at the right time flowed naturally into his current research focus on how standardized identification and treatments for time-sensitive and error-prone diseases affect patient care, with a particular interest in protocols which rapidly alter provider staffing. Supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, particular areas of current focus include (1) understanding whether current safety metrics may be misleading because of a mathematical problem in the metric construction; (2) developing a clinical decision rule to predict which patients will need rapid response team care; and (3) pharmacoepidemiologic risk factors for hospital-acquired infections. Over the past year, this work has been published or is in press in journals such as JAMA and Archives of Internal Medicine.
As a result of this work, Dr. Howell has been selected for several national/international consensus groups and panels. He has served on a consensus conference on the afferent limb of rapid response teams, the 2007 guidelines revision committee for international sepsis guidelines, the National Patient Safety Foundation/Lucian Leape Institute’s Roundtable on improving medical education, and the American Heart Association’s Consensus Conference on Outcomes for Resuscitation Science. At BIDMC, he has been selected as a member of the Patient Safety Core Faculty and has also won several named awards, including the sixth annual Robert M. Melzer Leadership Award, awarded to only two physicians in the entire organization in 2007. In 2008, he was one of 40 providers, attorneys, health plan leaders, and lawmakers selected statewide for the Massachusetts Medical Law Report’s inaugural Rx for Excellence Award, which honors best practices in medicine in the Commonwealth. Currently, he serves as the chair of the task force in charge of revising the Society of Critical Care Medicine’s ICU Resource, Evaluation, and Patient Outcomes Reporting Tool, and also chairs the Society’s major quality improvement implementation committee, Paragon Critical Care.
Bibliographic
Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications.
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Odom SR, Howell MD, Silva GS, Nielsen VM, Gupta A, Shapiro NI, Talmor D. Lactate clearance as a predictor of mortality in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013 Apr; 74(4):999-1004.
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Branch-Elliman W, Wright SB, Gillis JM, Howell MD. Estimated nursing workload for the implementation of ventilator bundles. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013 Apr; 22(4):357-61.
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Ward NS, Afessa B, Kleinpell R, Tisherman S, Ries M, Howell M, Halpern N, Kahn J. Intensivist/patient ratios in closed ICUs: a statement from the society of critical care medicine taskforce on ICU staffing. Crit Care Med. 2013 Feb; 41(2):638-45.
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Howell MD. The author replies. Crit Care Med. 2013 Feb; 41(2):e24.
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Danziger J, William JH, Scott DJ, Lee J, Lehman LW, Mark RG, Howell MD, Celi LA, Mukamal KJ. Proton-pump inhibitor use is associated with low serum magnesium concentrations. Kidney Int. 2013 Apr; 83(4):692-9.
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Mandelbaum T, Lee J, Scott DJ, Mark RG, Malhotra A, Howell MD, Talmor D. Empirical relationships among oliguria, creatinine, mortality, and renal replacement therapy in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2013 Mar; 39(3):414-9.
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Howell MD, Ngo L, Folcarelli P, Yang J, Mottley L, Marcantonio ER, Sands KE, Moorman D, Aronson MD. Sustained effectiveness of a primary-team-based rapid response system. Crit Care Med. 2012 Sep; 40(9):2562-8.
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Donnino MW, Miller JC, Bivens M, Cocchi MN, Salciccioli JD, Farris S, Gautam S, Cutlip D, Howell M. A pilot study examining the severity and outcome of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome: a comparative analysis of two geographically distinct hospitals. Circulation. 2012 Sep 18; 126(12):1478-83.
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Howell MD. Intensivist time allocation: economic and ethical issues surrounding how intensivists use their time. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Aug; 33(4):401-12.
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Schuetz P, Kennedy M, Lucas JM, Howell MD, Aird WC, Yealy DM, Shapiro NI. Initial management of septic patients with hyperglycemia in the noncritical care inpatient setting. Am J Med. 2012 Jul; 125(7):670-8.
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Hunziker S, McHugh W, Sarnoff-Lee B, Cannistraro S, Ngo L, Marcantonio E, Howell MD. Predictors and correlates of dissatisfaction with intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2012 May; 40(5):1554-61.
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Hunziker S, Stevens J, Howell MD. Red cell distribution width and mortality in newly hospitalized patients. Am J Med. 2012 Mar; 125(3):283-91.
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Mandelbaum T, Scott DJ, Lee J, Mark RG, Malhotra A, Waikar SS, Howell MD, Talmor D. Outcome of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury using the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. Crit Care Med. 2011 Dec; 39(12):2659-64.
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Howell MD. Managing ICU throughput and understanding ICU census. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011 Dec; 17(6):626-33.
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Cox K, Cocchi MN, Salciccioli JD, Carney E, Howell M, Donnino MW. Prevalence and significance of lactic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Crit Care. 2012 Apr; 27(2):132-7.
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Howell MD, Gao P, Kim BE, Lesley LJ, Streib JE, Taylor PA, Zaccaro DJ, Boguniewicz M, Beck LA, Hanifin JM, Schneider LC, Hata TR, Gallo RL, Kaplan MH, Barnes KC, Leung DY. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 gene (STAT6) increases the propensity of patients with atopic dermatitis toward disseminated viral skin infections. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Nov; 128(5):1006-14.
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Hunziker S, Bivens MJ, Cocchi MN, Miller J, Salciccioli J, Howell MD, Donnino MW. International validation of the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest score in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2011 Jul; 39(7):1670-4.
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Schuetz P, Jones AE, Howell MD, Trzeciak S, Ngo L, Younger JG, Aird W, Shapiro NI. Diabetes is not associated with increased mortality in emergency department patients with sepsis. Ann Emerg Med. 2011 Nov; 58(5):438-44.
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Hunziker S, Johansson AC, Tschan F, Semmer NK, Rock L, Howell MD, Marsch S. Teamwork and leadership in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jun 14; 57(24):2381-8.
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Yang J, Howell MD. Commentary: Is the glass half empty? Code blue training in the modern era. Acad Med. 2011 Jun; 86(6):680-3.
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Cocchi MN, Miller J, Hunziker S, Carney E, Salciccioli J, Farris S, Joyce N, Zimetbaum P, Howell MD, Donnino MW. The association of lactate and vasopressor need for mortality prediction in survivors of cardiac arrest. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011 Nov; 77(11):1063-71.
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Leung DY, Gao PS, Grigoryev DN, Rafaels NM, Streib JE, Howell MD, Taylor PA, Boguniewicz M, Canniff J, Armstrong B, Zaccaro DJ, Schneider LC, Hata TR, Hanifin JM, Beck LA, Weinberg A, Barnes KC. Human atopic dermatitis complicated by eczema herpeticum is associated with abnormalities in IFN-? response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Apr; 127(4):965-73.e1-5.
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Kim BE, Howell MD, Guttman-Yassky E, Guttman E, Gilleaudeau PM, Cardinale IR, Boguniewicz M, Krueger JG, Leung DY. TNF-a downregulates filaggrin and loricrin through c-Jun N-terminal kinase: role for TNF-a antagonists to improve skin barrier. J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Jun; 131(6):1272-9.
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Herzig SJ, Vaughn BP, Howell MD, Ngo LH, Marcantonio ER. Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for nosocomial gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Jun 13; 171(11):991-7.
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Howell MD, Talmor D, Schuetz P, Hunziker S, Jones AE, Shapiro NI. Proof of principle: the predisposition, infection, response, organ failure sepsis staging system. Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb; 39(2):322-7.
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Bin L, Howell MD, Kim BE, Streib JE, Hall CF, Leung DY. Specificity protein 1 is pivotal in the skin's antiviral response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Feb; 127(2):430-438.e1-2.
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Kennedy M, Joyce N, Howell MD, Lawrence Mottley J, Shapiro NI. Identifying infected emergency department patients admitted to the hospital ward at risk of clinical deterioration and intensive care unit transfer. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Oct; 17(10):1080-5.
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Hunziker S, Tschan F, Semmer NK, Howell MD, Marsch S. Human factors in resuscitation: Lessons learned from simulator studies. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2010 Oct; 3(4):389-94.
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Seigel TA, Cocchi MN, Salciccioli J, Shapiro NI, Howell M, Tang A, Donnino MW. Inadequacy of temperature and white blood cell count in predicting bacteremia in patients with suspected infection. J Emerg Med. 2012 Mar; 42(3):254-9.
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Adler-Milstein J, Neal K, Howell MD. Residents' and nurses' perceptions of team function in the medical intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2011 Feb; 26(1):104.e7-15.
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Howell MD, Novack V, Grgurich P, Soulliard D, Novack L, Pencina M, Talmor D. Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection. Arch Intern Med. 2010; (in press).
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Howell MD, Novack V, Grgurich P, Soulliard D, Novack L, Pencina M, Talmor D. Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection. Arch Intern Med. 2010 May 10; 170(9):784-90.
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DeVita MA, Smith GB, Adam SK, Adams-Pizarro I, Buist M, Bellomo R, Bonello R, Cerchiari E, Farlow B, Goldsmith D, Haskell H, Hillman K, Howell M, Hravnak M, Hunt EA, Hvarfner A, Kellett J, Lighthall GK, Lippert A, Lippert FK, Mahroof R, Myers JS, Rosen M, Reynolds S, Rotondi A, Rubulotta F, Winters B. "Identifying the hospitalised patient in crisis"--a consensus conference on the afferent limb of rapid response systems. Resuscitation. 2010 Apr; 81(4):375-82.
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Sehra S, Yao Y, Howell MD, Nguyen ET, Kansas GS, Leung DY, Travers JB, Kaplan MH. IL-4 regulates skin homeostasis and the predisposition toward allergic skin inflammation. J Immunol. 2010 Mar 15; 184(6):3186-90.
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Grigoryev DN, Howell MD, Watkins TN, Chen YC, Cheadle C, Boguniewicz M, Barnes KC, Leung DY. Vaccinia virus-specific molecular signature in atopic dermatitis skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Jan; 125(1):153-159.e28.
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Adler-Milstein J, Neal K, Howell MD. Residents' and nurses' perceptions of team function in the medical intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2010; (in press).
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Kennedy M, Joyce N, Howell MD, Mottley L, Shapiro NI. Identifying infected emergency department patients admitted to the hospital ward at risk of clinical deterioration and ICU transfer. Acad Emerg Med. 2010; (in press).
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Hunziker S, Tschan F, Semmer NK, Howell MD, Marsch S. Human factors in resuscitation: lessons learned from simulator studies. Journal J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2010; (in press).
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Howell MD. A 37-year-old man trying to choose a high-quality hospital: review of hospital quality indicators. JAMA. 2009 Dec 2; 302(21):2353-60.
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Howell MD. Lactate: finally ready for prime time? Crit Care Med. 2009 Oct; 37(10):2858-9.
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Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P, Grant AV, Boguniewicz M, DeBenedetto A, Schneider L, Beck LA, Barnes KC, Leung DY. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Sep; 124(3 Suppl 2):R7-R12.
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Oyoshi MK, Elkhal A, Kumar L, Scott JE, Koduru S, He R, Leung DY, Howell MD, Oettgen HC, Murphy GF, Geha RS. Vaccinia virus inoculation in sites of allergic skin inflammation elicits a vigorous cutaneous IL-17 response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Sep 1; 106(35):14954-9.
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Bin L, Howell MD, Kim BE, Hall CF, Streib JE, Leung DY. Inhibition of S100A11 gene expression impairs keratinocyte response against vaccinia virus through downregulation of the IL-10 receptor 2 chain. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Aug; 124(2):270-7, 277.e1.
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Howell MD, Streib JE, Kim BE, Lesley LJ, Dunlap AP, Geng D, Feng Y, Savage PB, Leung DY. Ceragenins: a class of antiviral compounds to treat orthopox infections. J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Nov; 129(11):2668-75.
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Herzig SJ, Howell MD, Ngo LH, Marcantonio ER. Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. JAMA. 2009 May 27; 301(20):2120-8.
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Donnino MW, Cocchi MN, Howell M, Clardy P, Talmor D, Cataldo L, Chase M, Al-Marshad A, Ngo L, Shapiro NI. Statin therapy is associated with decreased mortality in patients with infection. Acad Emerg Med. 2009 Mar; 16(3):230-4.
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Howell MD, Fairchild HR, Kim BE, Bin L, Boguniewicz M, Redzic JS, Hansen KC, Leung DY. Th2 cytokines act on S100/A11 to downregulate keratinocyte differentiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2008 Sep; 128(9):2248-58.
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Talmor D, Greenberg D, Howell MD, Lisbon A, Novack V, Shapiro N. The costs and cost-effectiveness of an integrated sepsis treatment protocol. Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr; 36(4):1168-74.
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Shapiro NI, Yano K, Okada H, Fischer C, Howell M, Spokes KC, Ngo L, Angus DC, Aird WC. A prospective, observational study of soluble FLT-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in sepsis. Shock. 2008 Apr; 29(4):452-7.
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Kinsey CM, Howell M. A 27-year-old woman with a swollen uvula, chest pain, and elevated creatinine phosphokinase levels. Chest. 2008 Mar; 133(3):809-11.
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Kim BE, Leung DY, Boguniewicz M, Howell MD. Loricrin and involucrin expression is down-regulated by Th2 cytokines through STAT-6. Clin Immunol. 2008 Mar; 126(3):332-7.
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Howell MD. The role of human beta defensins and cathelicidins in atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Oct; 7(5):413-7.
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Donnino MW, Goyal N, Terlecki TM, Donnino KF, Miller JB, Otero RM, Howell MD. Inadequate blood volume collected for culture: a survey of health care professionals. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Sep; 82(9):1069-72.
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Albanesi C, Fairchild HR, Madonna S, Scarponi C, De Pità O, Leung DY, Howell MD. IL-4 and IL-13 negatively regulate TNF-alpha- and IFN-gamma-induced beta-defensin expression through STAT-6, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1, and SOCS-3. J Immunol. 2007 Jul 15; 179(2):984-92.
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Howell MD, Donnino M, Clardy P, Talmor D, Shapiro NI. Occult hypoperfusion and mortality in patients with suspected infection. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Nov; 33(11):1892-9.
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Howell MD, Donnino MW, Talmor D, Clardy P, Ngo L, Shapiro NI. Performance of severity of illness scoring systems in emergency department patients with infection. Acad Emerg Med. 2007 Aug; 14(8):709-14.
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Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P, Grant AV, Boguniewicz M, Debenedetto A, Schneider L, Beck LA, Barnes KC, Leung DY. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Jul; 120(1):150-5.
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Howell MD, Shapiro NI. Surviving sepsis outside the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2007 May; 35(5):1422-3.
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Talmor D, Jones AE, Rubinson L, Howell MD, Shapiro NI. Simple triage scoring system predicting death and the need for critical care resources for use during epidemics. Crit Care Med. 2007 May; 35(5):1251-6.
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Kisich KO, Howell MD, Boguniewicz M, Heizer HR, Watson NU, Leung DY. The constitutive capacity of human keratinocytes to kill Staphylococcus aureus is dependent on beta-defensin 3. J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Oct; 127(10):2368-80.
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Howell MD, Streib JE, Leung DY. Antiviral activity of human beta-defensin 3 against vaccinia virus. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Apr; 119(4):1022-5.
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Howell MD, Curley FJ, Smyrnios N. Irwin and Rippe’s Intensive Care Medicine. Routine monitoring of critically ill patients. 2007.
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Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D, Donnino M, Ngo L, Bates DW. Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score predicts 1-year mortality. Crit Care Med. 2007 Jan; 35(1):192-8.
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Kim BE, Leung DY, Streib JE, Kisich K, Boguniewicz M, Hamid QA, Howell MD. Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha deficiency in atopic dermatitis skin and role in innate immune response to vaccinia virus. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Feb; 119(2):457-63.
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Shapiro N, Howell MD, Bates DW, Angus DC, Ngo L, Talmor D. The association of sepsis syndrome and organ dysfunction with mortality in emergency department patients with suspected infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Nov; 48(5):583-90, 590.e1.
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Howell MD, Boguniewicz M, Pastore S, Novak N, Bieber T, Girolomoni G, Leung DY. Mechanism of HBD-3 deficiency in atopic dermatitis. Clin Immunol. 2006 Dec; 121(3):332-8.
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Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D, Lahey D, Ngo L, Buras J, Wolfe RE, Weiss JW, Lisbon A. Implementation and outcomes of the Multiple Urgent Sepsis Therapies (MUST) protocol. Crit Care Med. 2006 Apr; 34(4):1025-32.
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Howell MD, Gallo RL, Boguniewicz M, Jones JF, Wong C, Streib JE, Leung DY. Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis skin subverts the innate immune response to vaccinia virus. Immunity. 2006 Mar; 24(3):341-8.
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Howell MD, Wollenberg A, Gallo RL, Flaig M, Streib JE, Wong C, Pavicic T, Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Cathelicidin deficiency predisposes to eczema herpeticum. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Apr; 117(4):836-41.
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Bilsborough J, Leung DY, Maurer M, Howell M, Boguniewicz M, Boguniewcz M, Yao L, Storey H, LeCiel C, Harder B, Gross JA. IL-31 is associated with cutaneous lymphocyte antigen-positive skin homing T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Feb; 117(2):418-25.
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Howell MD, Novak N, Bieber T, Pastore S, Girolomoni G, Boguniewicz M, Streib J, Wong C, Gallo RL, Leung DY. Interleukin-10 downregulates anti-microbial peptide expression in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Oct; 125(4):738-45.
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Shapiro N, Howell MD. Sick? Or, not sick? Crit Care Med. 2005 May; 33(5):1151-3.
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Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D, Nathanson LA, Lisbon A, Wolfe RE, Weiss JW. Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2005 May; 45(5):524-8.
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Shapiro NI, Howell M, Talmor D. A blueprint for a sepsis protocol. Acad Emerg Med. 2005 Apr; 12(4):352-9.
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Braff MH, Hawkins MA, Di Nardo A, Lopez-Garcia B, Howell MD, Wong C, Lin K, Streib JE, Dorschner R, Leung DY, Gallo RL. Structure-function relationships among human cathelicidin peptides: dissociation of antimicrobial properties from host immunostimulatory activities. J Immunol. 2005 Apr 1; 174(7):4271-8.
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Howell MD and Feller-Kopman D. . Endotracheal intubation. In Physicians Information and Education Resource at http://pier.acponline.org. 2005.
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Howell MD, Tomazic VJ, Leakakos T, Truscott W, Meade BJ. Immunomodulatory effect of endotoxin on the development of latex allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 May; 113(5):916-24.
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Leung DY, Boguniewicz M, Howell MD, Nomura I, Hamid QA. New insights into atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest. 2004 Mar; 113(5):651-7.
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Howell MD, Jones JF, Kisich KO, Streib JE, Gallo RL, Leung DY. Selective killing of vaccinia virus by LL-37: implications for eczema vaccinatum. J Immunol. 2004 Feb 1; 172(3):1763-7.
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Nomura I, Goleva E, Howell MD, Hamid QA, Ong PY, Hall CF, Darst MA, Gao B, Boguniewicz M, Travers JB, Leung DY. Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis, as compared to psoriasis, skin prevents induction of innate immune response genes. J Immunol. 2003 Sep 15; 171(6):3262-9.
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Howell MD, Weissman DN, Jean Meade B. Latex sensitization by dermal exposure can lead to airway hyperreactivity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2002 Jul; 128(3):204-11.
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Maurice D, Pierreux CE, Howell M, Wilentz RE, Owen MJ, Hill CS. Loss of Smad4 function in pancreatic tumors: C-terminal truncation leads to decreased stability. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 16; 276(46):43175-81.
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Howell MD, Geraci JM, Knowlton AA. Congestive heart failure and outpatient risk of venous thromboembolism: a retrospective, case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001 Aug; 54(8):810-6.
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Paniagua D, Howell M, Strickman N, Velasco J, Dougherty K, Skolkin M, Toombs B, Krajcer Z. Outcomes following extracranial carotid artery stenting in high-risk patients. J Invasive Cardiol. 2001 May; 13(5):375-81.
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Graham ID, Stiell IG, Laupacis A, McAuley L, Howell M, Clancy M, Durieux P, Simon N, Emparanza JI, Aginaga JR, O'connor A, Wells G. Awareness and use of the Ottawa ankle and knee rules in 5 countries: can publication alone be enough to change practice? Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Mar; 37(3):259-66.
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Selinsky CL, Howell MD. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type I enhances tumor development and persistence in vivo. Cell Immunol. 2000 Mar 15; 200(2):81-7.
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Allegretta M, Albertini RJ, Howell MD, Smith LR, Martin R, McFarland HF, Sriram S, Brostoff S, Steinman L. Homologies between T cell receptor junctional sequences unique to multiple sclerosis and T cells mediating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest. 1994 Jul; 94(1):105-9.
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