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Michael Levin, PH.D.

TitleVisiting Professor of Genetics
InstitutionHarvard Medical School
DepartmentGenetics
AddressHarvard Inst of Medicine
Genetics - 10th floor
4 Blackfan Cir
Boston MA 02115
Fax617/892-8423

 Bibliographic 
 selected publications
Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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  1. Blackiston DJ, Levin M. Ectopic eyes outside the head in Xenopus tadpoles provide sensory data for light-mediated learning. J Exp Biol. 2013 Mar 15; 216(Pt 6):1031-40.
    View in: PubMed
  2. Adams DS, Tseng AS, Levin M. Light-activation of the Archaerhodopsin H(+)-pump reverses age-dependent loss of vertebrate regeneration: sparking system-level controls in vivo. Biol Open. 2013 Mar 15; 2(3):306-13.
    View in: PubMed
  3. Beane WS, Morokuma J, Lemire JM, Levin M. Bioelectric signaling regulates head and organ size during planarian regeneration. Development. 2013 Jan; 140(2):313-22.
    View in: PubMed
  4. Pai VP, Vandenberg LN, Blackiston D, Levin M. Neurally Derived Tissues in Xenopus laevis Embryos Exhibit a Consistent Bioelectrical Left-Right Asymmetry. Stem Cells Int. 2012; 2012:353491.
    View in: PubMed
  5. Lobikin M, Chernet B, Lobo D, Levin M. Resting potential, oncogene-induced tumorigenesis, and metastasis: the bioelectric basis of cancer in vivo. Phys Biol. 2012 Dec; 9(6):065002.
    View in: PubMed
  6. Lobo D, Malone TJ, Levin M. Towards a bioinformatics of patterning: a computational approach to understanding regulative morphogenesis. Biol Open. 2013 Feb 15; 2(2):156-69.
    View in: PubMed
  7. Vandenberg LN, Lemire JM, Levin M. Serotonin has early, cilia-independent roles in Xenopus left-right patterning. Dis Model Mech. 2013 Jan; 6(1):261-8.
    View in: PubMed
  8. Lobikin M, Wang G, Xu J, Hsieh YW, Chuang CF, Lemire JM, Levin M. Early, nonciliary role for microtubule proteins in left-right patterning is conserved across kingdoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31; 109(31):12586-91.
    View in: PubMed
  9. Levin M. Morphogenetic fields in embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer: non-local control of complex patterning. Biosystems. 2012 Sep; 109(3):243-61.
    View in: PubMed
  10. Levin ME, Holt JR. The function and molecular identity of inward rectifier channels in vestibular hair cells of the mouse inner ear. J Neurophysiol. 2012 Jul; 108(1):175-86.
    View in: PubMed
  11. Adams DS, Levin M. Endogenous voltage gradients as mediators of cell-cell communication: strategies for investigating bioelectrical signals during pattern formation. Cell Tissue Res. 2013 Apr; 352(1):95-122.
    View in: PubMed
  12. Levin M. Molecular bioelectricity in developmental biology: new tools and recent discoveries: control of cell behavior and pattern formation by transmembrane potential gradients. Bioessays. 2012 Mar; 34(3):205-17.
    View in: PubMed
  13. Vandenberg LN, Levin M. Polarity proteins are required for left-right axis orientation and twin-twin instruction. Genesis. 2012 Mar; 50(3):219-34.
    View in: PubMed
  14. Pai VP, Aw S, Shomrat T, Lemire JM, Levin M. Transmembrane voltage potential controls embryonic eye patterning in Xenopus laevis. Development. 2012 Jan; 139(2):313-23.
    View in: PubMed
  15. Vandenberg LN, Pennarola BW, Levin M. Low frequency vibrations disrupt left-right patterning in the Xenopus embryo. PLoS One. 2011; 6(8):e23306.
    View in: PubMed
  16. Carneiro K, Donnet C, Rejtar T, Karger BL, Barisone GA, Díaz E, Kortagere S, Lemire JM, Levin M. Histone deacetylase activity is necessary for left-right patterning during vertebrate development. BMC Dev Biol. 2011; 11:29.
    View in: PubMed
  17. Vandenberg LN, Levin M. Far from solved: a perspective on what we know about early mechanisms of left-right asymmetry. Dev Dyn. 2010 Dec; 239(12):3131-46.
    View in: PubMed
  18. Aw S, Koster JC, Pearson W, Nichols CG, Shi NQ, Carneiro K, Levin M. The ATP-sensitive K(+)-channel (K(ATP)) controls early left-right patterning in Xenopus and chick embryos. Dev Biol. 2010 Oct 1; 346(1):39-53.
    View in: PubMed
  19. Vandenberg LN, Levin M. Consistent left-right asymmetry cannot be established by late organizers in Xenopus unless the late organizer is a conjoined twin. Development. 2010 Apr; 137(7):1095-105.
    View in: PubMed
  20. Oviedo NJ, Morokuma J, Walentek P, Kema IP, Gu MB, Ahn JM, Hwang JS, Gojobori T, Levin M. Long-range neural and gap junction protein-mediated cues control polarity during planarian regeneration. Dev Biol. 2010 Mar 1; 339(1):188-99.
    View in: PubMed
  21. Zhang Y, Levin M. Left-right asymmetry in the chick embryo requires core planar cell polarity protein Vangl2. Genesis. 2009 Nov; 47(11):719-28.
    View in: PubMed
  22. Zhang Y, Levin M. Particle tracking model of electrophoretic morphogen movement reveals stochastic dynamics of embryonic gradient. Dev Dyn. 2009 Aug; 238(8):1923-35.
    View in: PubMed
  23. Levin M. Errors of geometry: regeneration in a broader perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Aug; 20(6):643-5.
    View in: PubMed
  24. Levin M. Bioelectric mechanisms in regeneration: Unique aspects and future perspectives. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jul; 20(5):543-56.
    View in: PubMed
  25. Levin M. Regeneration: Recent advances, major puzzles, and biomedical opportunities. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jul; 20(5):515-6.
    View in: PubMed
  26. Aw S, Levin M. Is left-right asymmetry a form of planar cell polarity? Development. 2009 Feb; 136(3):355-66.
    View in: PubMed
  27. Aw S, Levin M. What's left in asymmetry? Dev Dyn. 2008 Dec; 237(12):3453-63.
    View in: PubMed
  28. Vandenberg LN, Levin M. Perspectives and open problems in the early phases of left-right patterning. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun; 20(4):456-63.
    View in: PubMed
  29. Oviedo NJ, Nicolas CL, Adams DS, Levin M. Live Imaging of Planarian Membrane Potential Using DiBAC4(3). CSH Protoc. 2008; 2008:pdb.prot5055.
    View in: PubMed
  30. Oviedo NJ, Nicolas CL, Adams DS, Levin M. Establishing and maintaining a colony of planarians. CSH Protoc. 2008; 2008:pdb.prot5053.
    View in: PubMed
  31. Oviedo NJ, Nicolas CL, Adams DS, Levin M. Gene knockdown in planarians using RNA interference. CSH Protoc. 2008; 2008:pdb.prot5054.
    View in: PubMed
  32. Oviedo NJ, Nicolas CL, Adams DS, Levin M. Planarians: a versatile and powerful model system for molecular studies of regeneration, adult stem cell regulation, aging, and behavior. CSH Protoc. 2008; 2008:pdb.emo101.
    View in: PubMed
  33. Oviedo NJ, Pearson BJ, Levin M, Sánchez Alvarado A. Planarian PTEN homologs regulate stem cells and regeneration through TOR signaling. Dis Model Mech. 2008 Sep-Oct; 1(2-3):131-43; discussion 141.
    View in: PubMed
  34. Morokuma J, Blackiston D, Levin M. KCNQ1 and KCNE1 K+ channel components are involved in early left-right patterning in Xenopus laevis embryos. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2008; 21(5-6):357-72.
    View in: PubMed
  35. Aw S, Adams DS, Qiu D, Levin M. H,K-ATPase protein localization and Kir4.1 function reveal concordance of three axes during early determination of left-right asymmetry. Mech Dev. 2008 Mar-Apr; 125(3-4):353-72.
    View in: PubMed
  36. Oviedo NJ, Levin M. smedinx-11 is a planarian stem cell gap junction gene required for regeneration and homeostasis. Development. 2007 Sep; 134(17):3121-31.
    View in: PubMed
  37. Ingber DE, Levin M. What lies at the interface of regenerative medicine and developmental biology? Development. 2007 Jul; 134(14):2541-7.
    View in: PubMed
  38. Oviedo NJ, Levin M. Gap junctions provide new links in left-right patterning. Cell. 2007 May 18; 129(4):645-7.
    View in: PubMed
  39. Levin M. Large-scale biophysics: ion flows and regeneration. Trends Cell Biol. 2007 Jun; 17(6):261-70.
    View in: PubMed
  40. Levin M. Gap junctional communication in morphogenesis. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2007 May-Jun; 94(1-2):186-206.
    View in: PubMed
  41. Levin M, Palmer AR. Left-right patterning from the inside out: widespread evidence for intracellular control. Bioessays. 2007 Mar; 29(3):271-87.
    View in: PubMed
  42. Adams DS, Masi A, Levin M. H+ pump-dependent changes in membrane voltage are an early mechanism necessary and sufficient to induce Xenopus tail regeneration. Development. 2007 Apr; 134(7):1323-35.
    View in: PubMed
  43. Tseng AS, Adams DS, Qiu D, Koustubhan P, Levin M. Apoptosis is required during early stages of tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol. 2007 Jan 1; 301(1):62-9.
    View in: PubMed
  44. Adams DS, Levin M. Inverse drug screens: a rapid and inexpensive method for implicating molecular targets. Genesis. 2006 Nov; 44(11):530-40.
    View in: PubMed
  45. Levin M. Is the early left-right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2006 Sep; 78(3):191-223.
    View in: PubMed
  46. Hicks C, Sorocco D, Levin M. Automated analysis of behavior: a computer-controlled system for drug screening and the investigation of learning. J Neurobiol. 2006 Aug; 66(9):977-90.
    View in: PubMed
  47. Shimeld SM, Levin M. Evidence for the regulation of left-right asymmetry in Ciona intestinalis by ion flux. Dev Dyn. 2006 Jun; 235(6):1543-53.
    View in: PubMed
  48. Adams DS, Robinson KR, Fukumoto T, Yuan S, Albertson RC, Yelick P, Kuo L, McSweeney M, Levin M. Early, H+-V-ATPase-dependent proton flux is necessary for consistent left-right patterning of non-mammalian vertebrates. Development. 2006 May; 133(9):1657-71.
    View in: PubMed
  49. Hibino T, Ishii Y, Levin M, Nishino A. Ion flow regulates left-right asymmetry in sea urchin development. Dev Genes Evol. 2006 May; 216(5):265-76.
    View in: PubMed
  50. Levin M, Buznikov GA, Lauder JM. Of minds and embryos: left-right asymmetry and the serotonergic controls of pre-neural morphogenesis. Dev Neurosci. 2006; 28(3):171-85.
    View in: PubMed
  51. Nogi T, Levin M. Characterization of innexin gene expression and functional roles of gap-junctional communication in planarian regeneration. Dev Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 287(2):314-35.
    View in: PubMed
  52. Qiu D, Cheng SM, Wozniak L, McSweeney M, Perrone E, Levin M. Localization and loss-of-function implicates ciliary proteins in early, cytoplasmic roles in left-right asymmetry. Dev Dyn. 2005 Sep; 234(1):176-89.
    View in: PubMed
  53. Gamer LW, Nove J, Levin M, Rosen V. BMP-3 is a novel inhibitor of both activin and BMP-4 signaling in Xenopus embryos. Dev Biol. 2005 Sep 1; 285(1):156-68.
    View in: PubMed
  54. Fukumoto T, Kema IP, Levin M. Serotonin signaling is a very early step in patterning of the left-right axis in chick and frog embryos. Curr Biol. 2005 May 10; 15(9):794-803.
    View in: PubMed
  55. Nogi T, Yuan YE, Sorocco D, Perez-Tomas R, Levin M. Eye regeneration assay reveals an invariant functional left-right asymmetry in the early bilaterian, Dugesia japonica. Laterality. 2005 May; 10(3):193-205.
    View in: PubMed
  56. Fukumoto T, Levin M. Asymmetric expression of Syndecan-2 in early chick embryogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns. 2005 Apr; 5(4):525-8.
    View in: PubMed
  57. Fukumoto T, Blakely R, Levin M. Serotonin transporter function is an early step in left-right patterning in chick and frog embryos. Dev Neurosci. 2005; 27(6):349-63.
    View in: PubMed
  58. Levin M. Left-right asymmetry in embryonic development: a comprehensive review. Mech Dev. 2005 Jan; 122(1):3-25.
    View in: PubMed
  59. Levin M. The embryonic origins of left-right asymmetry. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004; 15(4):197-206.
    View in: PubMed
  60. Levin M. A novel immunohistochemical method for evaluation of antibody specificity and detection of labile targets in biological tissue. J Biochem Biophys Methods. 2004 Jan 30; 58(1):85-96.
    View in: PubMed
  61. Adams, D., and Levin, M., . Embryonic Left-right asymmetry. Gastrulation, C. Stern ed. 2004.
  62. Levin, M., . Left-Right Asymmetry in Amphibian Embryogenesis. Developmental Biology, Vol. 6 of Biology of the Amphibia, edited by Harold Heatwole and Brenda Brizuela. 2004.
  63. Levin M. Motor protein control of ion flux is an early step in embryonic left-right asymmetry. Bioessays. 2003 Oct; 25(10):1002-10.
    View in: PubMed
  64. Bunney TD, De Boer AH, Levin M. Fusicoccin signaling reveals 14-3-3 protein function as a novel step in left-right patterning during amphibian embryogenesis. Development. 2003 Oct; 130(20):4847-58.
    View in: PubMed
  65. Levin M. Bioelectromagnetics in morphogenesis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003 Jul; 24(5):295-315.
    View in: PubMed
  66. Levin, M., . Electromagnetic fields in morphogenesis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003; 24:295-315.
  67. Rutenberg J, Cheng SM, Levin M. Early embryonic expression of ion channels and pumps in chick and Xenopus development. Dev Dyn. 2002 Dec; 225(4):469-84.
    View in: PubMed
  68. Cheng SM, Chen I, Levin M. K(ATP) channel activity is required for hatching in Xenopus embryos. Dev Dyn. 2002 Dec; 225(4):588-91.
    View in: PubMed
  69. Levin M, Thorlin T, Robinson KR, Nogi T, Mercola M. Asymmetries in H+/K+-ATPase and cell membrane potentials comprise a very early step in left-right patterning. Cell. 2002 Oct 4; 111(1):77-89.
    View in: PubMed
  70. Levin, M., . Gap-junctional communication and embryonic development. Journal of Membrane Biology. 2002; 185(3):177-192.
  71. Rutenberg, J., S. M. Cheng, and M. Levin. Early embryonic expression of ion channels and pumps in chick and Xenopus embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics. 2002; 225(4):469-484.
  72. Levin, M., T. Thorlin, K. Robinson, T. Nogi, and M. Mercola. H+/K+-ATPase activity comprises an early step of left-right asymmetry during development. Cell. 2002; 111:77-89.
  73. Cheng, S. M., I. Chen, and M. Levin. Katp channel activity is required for hatching in Xenopus. Developmental Dynamics. 2002; 225(4):588-591.
  74. Levin, M., . Asymmetry of Body and Brain: Embryological and Twin Studies. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Smelser N, Baltes P (eds.). 2001; 853-9.
  75. Mercola M, Levin M. Left-right asymmetry determination in vertebrates. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2001; 17:779-805.
    View in: PubMed
  76. Levin, M., and M. Mercola. Expression of Connexin30 in Xenopus embryos and its involvement in hatching gland function. Developmental Dynamics. 2000; 219(1):96-101.
  77. Levin M, Mercola M. Gap junction-mediated transfer of left-right patterning signals in the early chick blastoderm is upstream of Shh asymmetry in the node. Development. 1999 Nov; 126(21):4703-14.
    View in: PubMed
  78. Levin M. Twinning and embryonic left-right asymmetry. Laterality. 1999 Jul; 4(3):197-208.
    View in: PubMed
  79. Levin, M., . Left-right asymmetry in animal embryogenesis. Advances in Biochirality, edited by G. Palyi, C. Zucchi, and L. Caglioti. 1999; ch. 12:137-152.
  80. Zhu, L., M. J. Marvin, A. Gardiner, A. B. Lassar, M. Mercola, C. D. Stern, and M. Levin. Cerberus regulates left/right asymmetry of the embryonic head and heart. Current Biology. 1999; 9(17):931-938.
  81. Levin M, Mercola M. Gap junctions are involved in the early generation of left-right asymmetry. Dev Biol. 1998 Nov 1; 203(1):90-105.
    View in: PubMed
  82. Levin M. Left-right asymmetry and the chick embryo. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 1998 Feb; 9(1):67-76.
    View in: PubMed
  83. Levin, M., and M. Mercola, . The compulsion of chirality. Genes & Development. 1998; 23:763-769.
  84. Levin, M., and M. Mercola. Events upstream of asymmetrical Nodal expression: reconciling the chick and frog. Developmental Genetics. 1998; 23(3):185-193.
  85. Levin, M., . Follistatin mimics the endogenous streak inhibitory activity in early chick embryos. International Journal of Developmental Biology. 1998; 42:553-559 .
  86. Levin M, Pagan S, Roberts DJ, Cooke J, Kuehn MR, Tabin CJ. Left/right patterning signals and the independent regulation of different aspects of situs in the chick embryo. Dev Biol. 1997 Sep 1; 189(1):57-67.
    View in: PubMed
  87. Levin, M., and Ernst, S. G. DC magnetic field effects on early sea urchin development. Bioelectromagnetics. 1997; 18(3):255-263 .
  88. Levin, M., and N. Nascone. Two models of initial Left-Right Asymmetry Determination. Medical Hypotheses. 1997; 49:429-435.
  89. Levin, M., . Left-Right Asymmetry in Embryonic Morphogenesis. BioEssays. 1997; 19(4):287-296.
  90. Levin M, Roberts DJ, Holmes LB, Tabin C. Laterality defects in conjoined twins. Nature. 1996 Nov 28; 384(6607):321.
    View in: PubMed
  91. Levin M, Johnson RL, Stern CD, Kuehn M, Tabin C. A molecular pathway determining left-right asymmetry in chick embryogenesis. Cell. 1995 Sep 8; 82(5):803-14.
    View in: PubMed
  92. Levin, M.,. A genetic algorithm model of the evolution of animal communication. BioSystems. 1995; 36:167-178.
  93. Levin, M., . Locating putative protein signal sequences using genetic algorithms. Applications Handbook of Genetic Algorithms. 1995; 2:53-66.
  94. Levin, M. Use of Genetic Algorithms to solve biomedical Problems . M. D. Computing. 1995; 12(3):193-198.
  95. Levin, M., Ernst, S. G. AC magnetic field effects on early sea urchin development. Bioelectromagnetics. 1995; 16:231-240.
  96. Levin, M. A Julia set model of field-directed morphogenesis. Computer Applications in the Biosciences. 1994; 10(2):85-103.
  97. Levin, M., . Current and potential applications of bioelectromagnetics in medicine. ISSEEM Journal. 1993; 4(1):77-87.
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