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Michael A. Schwarzschild, M.D., PH.D.

TitleAssociate Professor of Neurology
InstitutionMassachusetts General Hospital
DepartmentNeurology
AddressMassachusetts General Hospital
MassGeneral Inst. for Neurodegenerative Disease-Rm 3002
114 16th Street
Charlestown MA 02129
Phone617/724-1480
Fax617/726-4899

 Mentoring 
 current student opportunities
Available: 09/05/11, Expires: 09/04/14

Laboratory studies in mouse models of Parkinson's disease (PD) are conducted to better understand the role of purines -- adenosine, caffeine and urate -- in support of ongoing clinical trials. Student would work on characterizing genetic mouse models of caffeine action (adenosine A2A receptor knockout mice) or of altered uric acid levels (Urate Oxidase knockout vs transgenic mice) in the context of Parkinson's disease models. Methods may entail neuropchemistry (mouse injections), neuropharmacology (measuring brain levels of dopamine and purine metabolites) and histology (of dopaminergic brain systems). Student would assist a laboratory investigator in the project and would have an option to accompany me to biweekly Parkinson's disease/movement disorders clinic at MGH.


 Bibliographic 
 selected publications
Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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  1. Wills AM, Eberly S, Tennis M, Lang AE, Messing S, Togasaki D, Tanner CM, Kamp C, Chen JF, Oakes D, McDermott MP, Schwarzschild MA. Caffeine consumption and risk of dyskinesia in CALM-PD. Mov Disord. 2013 Mar; 28(3):380-3.
    View in: PubMed
  2. Chen X, Burdett TC, Desjardins CA, Logan R, Cipriani S, Xu Y, Schwarzschild MA. Disrupted and transgenic urate oxidase alter urate and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jan 2; 110(1):300-5.
    View in: PubMed
  3. Gao X, Simon KC, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Age, statin use, and the risk for incident Parkinson disease-reply. Arch Neurol. 2012 Oct 1; 69(10):1381.
    View in: PubMed
  4. Ravina B, Marek K, Eberly S, Oakes D, Kurlan R, Ascherio A, Beal F, Beck J, Flagg E, Galpern WR, Harman J, Lang AE, Schwarzschild M, Tanner C, Shoulson I. Dopamine transporter imaging is associated with long-term outcomes in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2012 Sep 15; 27(11):1392-7.
    View in: PubMed
  5. Palacios N, Gao X, McCullough ML, Schwarzschild MA, Shah R, Gapstur S, Ascherio A. Caffeine and risk of Parkinson's disease in a large cohort of men and women. Mov Disord. 2012 Sep 1; 27(10):1276-82.
    View in: PubMed
  6. Cipriani S, Desjardins CA, Burdett TC, Xu Y, Xu K, Schwarzschild MA. Protection of dopaminergic cells by urate requires its accumulation in astrocytes. J Neurochem. 2012 Oct; 123(1):172-81.
    View in: PubMed
  7. Chen X, Wu G, Schwarzschild MA. Urate in Parkinson's disease: more than a biomarker? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2012 Aug; 12(4):367-75.
    View in: PubMed
  8. Schwarzschild MA. Caffeine in Parkinson disease: better for cruise control than snooze patrol? Neurology. 2012 Aug 14; 79(7):616-8.
    View in: PubMed
  9. Palacios N, Gao X, O'Reilly E, Schwarzschild M, McCullough ML, Mayo T, Gapstur SM, Ascherio AA. Alcohol and risk of Parkinson's disease in a large, prospective cohort of men and women. Mov Disord. 2012 Jul; 27(8):980-7.
    View in: PubMed
  10. Burdett TC, Desjardins CA, Logan R, McFarland NR, Chen X, Schwarzschild MA. Efficient determination of purine metabolites in brain tissue and serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and UV detection. Biomed Chromatogr. 2013 Jan; 27(1):122-9.
    View in: PubMed
  11. Cipriani S, Desjardins CA, Burdett TC, Xu Y, Xu K, Schwarzschild MA. Urate and its transgenic depletion modulate neuronal vulnerability in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5):e37331.
    View in: PubMed
  12. Gao X, Cassidy A, Schwarzschild MA, Rimm EB, Ascherio A. Habitual intake of dietary flavonoids and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2012 Apr 10; 78(15):1138-45.
    View in: PubMed
  13. Gao X, Simon KC, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Prospective study of statin use and risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2012 Mar; 69(3):380-4.
    View in: PubMed
  14. Matos M, Augusto E, Santos-Rodrigues AD, Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF, Cunha RA, Agostinho P. Adenosine A(2A) receptors modulate glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes and gliosomes. Glia. 2012 May; 60(5):702-16.
    View in: PubMed
  15. Kachroo A, Schwarzschild MA. Adenosine A2A receptor gene disruption protects in an a-synuclein model of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2012 Feb; 71(2):278-82.
    View in: PubMed
  16. Ding H, Sarokhan AK, Roderick SS, Bakshi R, Maher NE, Ashourian P, Kan CG, Chang S, Santarlasci A, Swords KE, Ravina BM, Hayes MT, Sohur US, Wills AM, Flaherty AW, Unni VK, Hung AY, Selkoe DJ, Schwarzschild MA, Schlossmacher MG, Sudarsky LR, Growdon JH, Ivinson AJ, Hyman BT, Scherzer CR. Association of SNCA with Parkinson: replication in the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center Biomarker Study. Mov Disord. 2011 Oct; 26(12):2283-6.
    View in: PubMed
  17. Huang X, Auinger P, Eberly S, Oakes D, Schwarzschild M, Ascherio A, Mailman R, Chen H. Serum cholesterol and the progression of Parkinson's disease: results from DATATOP. PLoS One. 2011; 6(8):e22854.
    View in: PubMed
  18. Palacios N, Gao X, McCullough ML, Jacobs EJ, Patel AV, Mayo T, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Obesity, diabetes, and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2011 Oct; 26(12):2253-9.
    View in: PubMed
  19. Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. A prospective study of bowel movement frequency and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Sep 1; 174(5):546-51.
    View in: PubMed
  20. Schwarzschild MA, Marek K, Eberly S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Jennings D, Seibyl J, Ascherio A. Serum urate and probability of dopaminergic deficit in early "Parkinson's disease". Mov Disord. 2011 Aug 15; 26(10):1864-8.
    View in: PubMed
  21. Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Use of ibuprofen and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2011 Mar 8; 76(10):863-9.
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  22. Barkhoudarian MT, Schwarzschild MA. Preclinical jockeying on the translational track of adenosine A2A receptors. Exp Neurol. 2011 Apr; 228(2):160-4.
    View in: PubMed
  23. Schwarzschild MA. The delayed-start study in Parkinson disease: can't satisfy everyone: Rasagiline, Parkinson neuroprotection, and delayed-start trials: still no satisfaction? Neurology. 2010 Nov 23; 75(21):1943-4; author reply 1944-5.
    View in: PubMed
  24. Gao X, Schwarzschild MA, O'Reilly EJ, Wang H, Ascherio A. Restless legs syndrome and Parkinson's disease in men. Mov Disord. 2010 Nov 15; 25(15):2654-7.
    View in: PubMed
  25. Cipriani S, Chen X, Schwarzschild MA. Urate: a novel biomarker of Parkinson's disease risk, diagnosis and prognosis. Biomark Med. 2010 Oct; 4(5):701-12.
    View in: PubMed
  26. Black YD, Xiao D, Pellegrino D, Kachroo A, Brownell AL, Schwarzschild MA. Protective effect of metabotropic glutamate mGluR5 receptor elimination in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Dec 17; 486(3):161-5.
    View in: PubMed
  27. Simon KC, Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Calcium channel blocker use and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2010 Sep 15; 25(12):1818-22.
    View in: PubMed
  28. Xiao D, Cassin JJ, Healy B, Burdett TC, Chen JF, Fredholm BB, Schwarzschild MA. Deletion of adenosine A1 or A(2A) receptors reduces L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesia in a model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 2011 Jan 7; 1367:310-8.
    View in: PubMed
  29. Gardener H, Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Spiegelman D, Ascherio A. Prenatal and early life factors and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2010 Aug 15; 25(11):1560-7.
    View in: PubMed
  30. O'Reilly EJ, Gao X, Weisskopf MG, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Spiegelman D, Ascherio A. Plasma urate and Parkinson's disease in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Sep 15; 172(6):666-70.
    View in: PubMed
  31. Palacios N, Weisskopf M, Simon K, Gao X, Schwarzschild M, Ascherio A. Polymorphisms of caffeine metabolism and estrogen receptor genes and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010 Jul; 16(6):370-5.
    View in: PubMed
  32. Kachroo A, Irizarry MC, Schwarzschild MA. Caffeine protects against combined paraquat and maneb-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Exp Neurol. 2010 Jun; 223(2):657-61.
    View in: PubMed
  33. Schwarzschild MA. Rasagiline in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 18; 362(7):658; author reply 658-9.
    View in: PubMed
  34. Youdim MB. Rasagiline in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 18; 362(7):657-8; author reply 658-9.
    View in: PubMed
  35. Xu K, Xu YH, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA. Neuroprotection by caffeine: time course and role of its metabolites in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience. 2010 May 5; 167(2):475-81.
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  36. Gao X, Schwarzschild MA, O'Reilly EJ, Wang H, Ascherio A. Restless legs syndrome and erectile dysfunction. Sleep. 2010 Jan; 33(1):75-9.
    View in: PubMed
  37. Morelli M, Carta AR, Kachroo A, Schwarzschild MA. Pathophysiological roles for purines: adenosine, caffeine and urate. Prog Brain Res. 2010; 183:183-208.
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  38. Ascherio A, LeWitt PA, Xu K, Eberly S, Watts A, Matson WR, Marras C, Kieburtz K, Rudolph A, Bogdanov MB, Schwid SR, Tennis M, Tanner CM, Beal MF, Lang AE, Oakes D, Fahn S, Shoulson I, Schwarzschild MA. Urate as a predictor of the rate of clinical decline in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2009 Dec; 66(12):1460-8.
    View in: PubMed
  39. Quiroz C, Luján R, Uchigashima M, Simoes AP, Lerner TN, Borycz J, Kachroo A, Canas PM, Orru M, Schwarzschild MA, Rosin DL, Kreitzer AC, Cunha RA, Watanabe M, Ferré S. Key modulatory role of presynaptic adenosine A2A receptors in cortical neurotransmission to the striatal direct pathway. ScientificWorldJournal. 2009; 9:1321-44.
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  40. Gao X, Simon KC, Han J, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Family history of melanoma and Parkinson disease risk. Neurology. 2009 Oct 20; 73(16):1286-91.
    View in: PubMed
  41. Carta AR, Kachroo A, Schintu N, Xu K, Schwarzschild MA, Wardas J, Morelli M. Inactivation of neuronal forebrain A receptors protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 2009 Dec; 111(6):1478-89.
    View in: PubMed
  42. Simon KC, Chen H, Gao X, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Reproductive factors, exogenous estrogen use, and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009 Jul 15; 24(9):1359-65.
    View in: PubMed
  43. McFarland NR, Fan Z, Xu K, Schwarzschild MA, Feany MB, Hyman BT, McLean PJ. Alpha-synuclein S129 phosphorylation mutants do not alter nigrostriatal toxicity in a rat model of Parkinson disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009 May; 68(5):515-24.
    View in: PubMed
  44. Gao X, Schwarzschild MA, Wang H, Ascherio A. Obesity and restless legs syndrome in men and women. Neurology. 2009 Apr 7; 72(14):1255-61.
    View in: PubMed
  45. O'Reilly EJ, Chen H, Gardener H, Gao X, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Smoking and Parkinson's disease: using parental smoking as a proxy to explore causality. Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Mar 15; 169(6):678-82.
    View in: PubMed
  46. Gao X, Simon KC, Han J, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Genetic determinants of hair color and Parkinson's disease risk. Ann Neurol. 2009 Jan; 65(1):76-82.
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  47. Petzer JP, Castagnoli N, Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF, Van der Schyf CJ. Dual-target-directed drugs that block monoamine oxidase B and adenosine A(2A) receptors for Parkinson's disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2009 Jan; 6(1):141-51.
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  48. Yang JN, Björklund O, Lindström-Törnqvist K, Lindgren E, Eriksson TM, Kahlström J, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Tobler I, Fredholm BB. Mice heterozygous for both A1 and A(2A) adenosine receptor genes show similarities to mice given long-term caffeine. J Appl Physiol. 2009 Feb; 106(2):631-9.
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  49. Irizarry MC, Raman R, Schwarzschild MA, Becerra LM, Thomas RG, Peterson RC, Ascherio A, Aisen PS. Plasma urate and progression of mild cognitive impairment. Neurodegener Dis. 2009; 6(1-2):23-8.
    View in: PubMed
  50. Bronstein J, Carvey P, Chen H, Cory-Slechta D, DiMonte D, Duda J, English P, Goldman S, Grate S, Hansen J, Hoppin J, Jewell S, Kamel F, Koroshetz W, Langston JW, Logroscino G, Nelson L, Ravina B, Rocca W, Ross GW, Schettler T, Schwarzschild M, Scott B, Seegal R, Singleton A, Steenland K, Tanner CM, Van Den Eeden S, Weisskopf M. Meeting report: consensus statement-Parkinson's disease and the environment: collaborative on health and the environment and Parkinson's Action Network (CHE PAN) conference 26-28 June 2007. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Jan; 117(1):117-21.
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  51. Tikh EI, Fenton RA, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Dobson JG. Adenosine A1 and A2A receptor regulation of protein phosphatase 2A in the murine heart. J Cell Physiol. 2008 Jul; 216(1):83-90.
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  52. Schwarzschild MA, Schwid SR, Marek K, Watts A, Lang AE, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Ascherio A, Hyson C, Gorbold E, Rudolph A, Kieburtz K, Fahn S, Gauger L, Goetz C, Seibyl J, Forrest M, Ondrasik J. Serum urate as a predictor of clinical and radiographic progression in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2008 Jun; 65(6):716-23.
    View in: PubMed
  53. Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Logroscino G, Ascherio A. Perceived imbalance and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008 Mar 15; 23(4):613-6.
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  54. Gao X, Chen H, Choi HK, Curhan G, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Diet, urate, and Parkinson's disease risk in men. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Apr 1; 167(7):831-8.
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  55. Wang H, Chen H, Gao X, McGrath M, Deer D, De Vivo I, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Telomere length and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008 Jan 30; 23(2):302-5.
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  56. Thacker EL, Chen H, Patel AV, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Recreational physical activity and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008 Jan; 23(1):69-74.
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  57. Schwarzschild MA (guest editor) Zigmond M (editor). "Targeting Adenosine A2A Receptors in Parkinson's Disease and other CNS Disorders". Progress in Neurobiology [journal Special Issue]. 2007; 261-347.
  58. Tebano MT, Martire A, Potenza RL, Grò C, Pepponi R, Armida M, Domenici MR, Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF, Popoli P. Adenosine A(2A) receptors are required for normal BDNF levels and BDNF-induced potentiation of synaptic transmission in the mouse hippocampus. J Neurochem. 2008 Jan; 104(1):279-86.
    View in: PubMed
  59. Gao X, Chen H, Fung TT, Logroscino G, Schwarzschild MA, Hu FB, Ascherio A. Prospective study of dietary pattern and risk of Parkinson disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov; 86(5):1486-94.
    View in: PubMed
  60. Schwarzschild MA. Adenosine A2A antagonists as neurotherapeutics: crossing the bridge. Prog Neurobiol. 2007 Dec; 83(5):261-2.
    View in: PubMed
  61. Chen H, O'Reilly EJ, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Jan 1; 167(1):90-5.
    View in: PubMed
  62. Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Glasser DB, Logroscino G, Rimm EB, Ascherio A. Erectile function and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Dec 15; 166(12):1446-50.
    View in: PubMed
  63. Simon KC, Chen H, Schwarzschild M, Ascherio A. Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007 Oct 23; 69(17):1688-95.
    View in: PubMed
  64. Hung AY, Schwarzschild MA. Clinical trials for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: overcoming angst and futility? Curr Opin Neurol. 2007 Aug; 20(4):477-83.
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  65. Morelli M, Di Paolo T, Wardas J, Calon F, Xiao D, Schwarzschild MA. Role of adenosine A2A receptors in parkinsonian motor impairment and l-DOPA-induced motor complications. Prog Neurobiol. 2007 Dec; 83(5):293-309.
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  66. Weisskopf MG, O'Reilly E, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Plasma urate and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Sep 1; 166(5):561-7.
    View in: PubMed
  67. Thacker EL, O'Reilly EJ, Weisskopf MG, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Ascherio A. Temporal relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007 Mar 6; 68(10):764-8.
    View in: PubMed
  68. Chen H, O'Reilly E, McCullough ML, Rodriguez C, Schwarzschild MA, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Ascherio A. Consumption of dairy products and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 May 1; 165(9):998-1006.
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  69. Scherzer CR, Eklund AC, Morse LJ, Liao Z, Locascio JJ, Fefer D, Schwarzschild MA, Schlossmacher MG, Hauser MA, Vance JM, Sudarsky LR, Standaert DG, Growdon JH, Jensen RV, Gullans SR. Molecular markers of early Parkinson's disease based on gene expression in blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 16; 104(3):955-60.
    View in: PubMed
  70. Xiao D, Bastia E, Xu YH, Benn CL, Cha JH, Peterson TS, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA. Forebrain adenosine A2A receptors contribute to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice. J Neurosci. 2006 Dec 27; 26(52):13548-55.
    View in: PubMed
  71. Schwarzschild MA, Agnati L, Fuxe K, Chen JF, Morelli M. Targeting adenosine A2A receptors in Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci. 2006 Nov; 29(11):647-54.
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  72. Schapira AH, Bezard E, Brotchie J, Calon F, Collingridge GL, Ferger B, Hengerer B, Hirsch E, Jenner P, Le Novère N, Obeso JA, Schwarzschild MA, Spampinato U, Davidai G. Novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct; 5(10):845-54.
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  73. Ascherio A, Chen H, Weisskopf MG, O'Reilly E, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Schwarzschild MA, Thun MJ. Pesticide exposure and risk for Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2006 Aug; 60(2):197-203.
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  74. Chan ES, Fernandez P, Merchant AA, Montesinos MC, Trzaska S, Desai A, Tung CF, Khoa DN, Pillinger MH, Reiss AB, Tomic-Canic M, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A2A receptors in diffuse dermal fibrosis: pathogenic role in human dermal fibroblasts and in a murine model of scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Aug; 54(8):2632-42.
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  75. Chen H, Zhang SM, Schwarzschild MA, Hernán MA, Ascherio A. Survival of Parkinson's disease patients in a large prospective cohort of male health professionals. Mov Disord. 2006 Jul; 21(7):1002-7.
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  76. Chan ES, Montesinos MC, Fernandez P, Desai A, Delano DL, Yee H, Reiss AB, Pillinger MH, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Friedman SL, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A(2A) receptors play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic cirrhosis. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Aug; 148(8):1144-55.
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  77. Chen H, Schernhammer E, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. A prospective study of night shift work, sleep duration, and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Apr 15; 163(8):726-30.
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  78. Xu K, Xu Y, Brown-Jermyn D, Chen JF, Ascherio A, Dluzen DE, Schwarzschild MA. Estrogen prevents neuroprotection by caffeine in the mouse 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2006 Jan 11; 26(2):535-41.
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  79. Chen H, Jacobs E, Schwarzschild MA, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Ascherio A. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and the risk for Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2005 Dec; 58(6):963-7.
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  80. Kachroo A, Orlando LR, Grandy DK, Chen JF, Young AB, Schwarzschild MA. Interactions between metabotropic glutamate 5 and adenosine A2A receptors in normal and parkinsonian mice. J Neurosci. 2005 Nov 9; 25(45):10414-9.
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  81. Tebano MT, Martire A, Rebola N, Pepponi R, Domenici MR, Grò MC, Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF, Cunha RA, Popoli P. Adenosine A2A receptors and metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors are co-localized and functionally interact in the hippocampus: a possible key mechanism in the modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate effects. J Neurochem. 2005 Nov; 95(4):1188-200.
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  82. Yu L, Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF. Cross-sensitization between caffeine- and L-dopa-induced behaviors in hemiparkinsonian mice. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jan 23; 393(1):31-5.
    View in: PubMed
  83. Frédérick R, Ooms F, Castagnoli N, Petzer JP, Feng JF, Schwarzschild MA, Van der Schyf CJ, Wouters J. (E)-8-(3-Chlorostyryl)-1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, a caffeine derivative acting both as antagonist of adenosine A2A receptors and as inhibitor of MAO-B. Acta Crystallogr C. 2005 Sep; 61(Pt 9):o531-2.
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  84. Saura J, Angulo E, Ejarque A, Casadó V, Tusell JM, Moratalla R, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Lluis C, Franco R, Serratosa J. Adenosine A2A receptor stimulation potentiates nitric oxide release by activated microglia. J Neurochem. 2005 Nov; 95(4):919-29.
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  85. Yu L, Haverty PM, Mariani J, Wang Y, Shen HY, Schwarzschild MA, Weng Z, Chen JF. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of adenosine A2A receptor reveals an Egr-2-mediated transcriptional regulatory network in the mouse striatum. Physiol Genomics. 2005 Sep 21; 23(1):89-102.
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  86. Huang ZL, Qu WM, Eguchi N, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Fredholm BB, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Adenosine A2A, but not A1, receptors mediate the arousal effect of caffeine. Nat Neurosci. 2005 Jul; 8(7):858-9.
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  87. Bastia E, Xu YH, Scibelli AC, Day YJ, Linden J, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA. A crucial role for forebrain adenosine A(2A) receptors in amphetamine sensitization. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 May; 30(5):891-900.
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  88. Chen H, Zhang SM, Schwarzschild MA, Hernán MA, Ascherio A. Physical activity and the risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005 Feb 22; 64(4):664-9.
    View in: PubMed
  89. Hauser RA, Schwarzschild MA. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists for Parkinson's disease: rationale, therapeutic potential and clinical experience. Drugs Aging. 2005; 22(6):471-82.
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  90. Xu K, Bastia E, Schwarzschild M. Therapeutic potential of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Mar; 105(3):267-310.
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  91. Chen H, Zhang SM, Schwarzschild MA, Hernán MA, Logroscino G, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Folate intake and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Aug 15; 160(4):368-75.
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  92. Francis JW, Bastia E, Matthews CC, Parks DA, Schwarzschild MA, Brown RH, Fishman PS. Tetanus toxin fragment C as a vector to enhance delivery of proteins to the CNS. Brain Res. 2004 Jun 11; 1011(1):7-13.
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  93. Chen H, Zhang SM, Schwarzschild MA, Hernán MA, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Obesity and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Mar 15; 159(6):547-55.
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  94. Yu L, Frith MC, Suzuki Y, Peterfreund RA, Gearan T, Sugano S, Schwarzschild MA, Weng Z, Fink JS, Chen JF. Characterization of genomic organization of the adenosine A2A receptor gene by molecular and bioinformatics analyses. Brain Res. 2004 Mar 12; 1000(1-2):156-73.
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  95. Fink JS, Kalda A, Ryu H, Stack EC, Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF, Ferrante RJ. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of the adenosine A2A receptor attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal damage. J Neurochem. 2004 Feb; 88(3):538-44.
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  96. Dunah AW, Sirianni AC, Fienberg AA, Bastia E, Schwarzschild MA, Standaert DG. Dopamine D1-dependent trafficking of striatal N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors requires Fyn protein tyrosine kinase but not DARPP-32. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Jan; 65(1):121-9.
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  97. Schwarzschild MA, Chen J-F & Chase TN. Translating Adenosine A2A Receptor Biology into Novel Therapies for Parkinson's Disease. Neurology [journal supplemental issue]. 2003; S1-111.
  98. Urade Y, Eguchi N, Qu WM, Sakata M, Huang ZL, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Fink JS, Hayaishi O. Sleep regulation in adenosine A2A receptor-deficient mice. Neurology. 2003 Dec 9; 61(11 Suppl 6):S94-6.
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  99. Chen JF, Fredduzzi S, Bastia E, Yu L, Moratalla R, Ongini E, Schwarzschild MA. Adenosine A2A receptors in neuroadaptation to repeated dopaminergic stimulation: implications for the treatment of dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2003 Dec 9; 61(11 Suppl 6):S74-81.
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  100. Schwarzschild MA, Xu K, Oztas E, Petzer JP, Castagnoli K, Castagnoli N, Chen JF. Neuroprotection by caffeine and more specific A2A receptor antagonists in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2003 Dec 9; 61(11 Suppl 6):S55-61.
    View in: PubMed
  101. Castagnoli N, Petzer JP, Steyn S, Castagnoli K, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Van der Schyf CJ. Monoamine oxidase B inhibition and neuroprotection: studies on selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonists. Neurology. 2003 Dec 9; 61(11 Suppl 6):S62-8.
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  102. Bibbiani F, Oh JD, Petzer JP, Castagnoli N, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Chase TN. A2A antagonist prevents dopamine agonist-induced motor complications in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol. 2003 Nov; 184(1):285-94.
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  103. Day YJ, Huang L, McDuffie MJ, Rosin DL, Ye H, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Fink JS, Linden J, Okusa MD. Renal protection from ischemia mediated by A2A adenosine receptors on bone marrow-derived cells. J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep; 112(6):883-91.
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  104. Chen H, Zhang SM, Hernán MA, Schwarzschild MA, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Ascherio A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2003 Aug; 60(8):1059-64.
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  105. Hernán MA, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Alcohol consumption and the incidence of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2003 Aug; 54(2):170-5.
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  106. Weisskopf MG, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Kawachi I, Ascherio A. Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2003 Jun; 18(6):646-51.
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  107. Chen JF, Moratalla R, Yu L, Martín AB, Xu K, Bastia E, Hackett E, Alberti I, Schwarzschild MA. Inactivation of adenosine A2A receptors selectively attenuates amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Jun; 28(6):1086-95.
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  108. Petzer JP, Steyn S, Castagnoli KP, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Van der Schyf CJ, Castagnoli N. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B by selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003 Apr 3; 11(7):1299-310.
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  109. Sharma N & Schwarzschild MA. . Movement disorders during pregnancy. JH Noseworthy, editor. Neurologic Therapeutics: Principles and Practice. 2003; 1((Part 2)):1556 – 1558.
  110. Ascherio A, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Zhang SM, Colditz GA, Speizer FE. Caffeine, postmenopausal estrogen, and risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2003 Mar 11; 60(5):790-5.
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  111. Gomez-Isla T, Irizarry MC, Mariash A, Cheung B, Soto O, Schrump S, Sondel J, Kotilinek L, Day J, Schwarzschild MA, Cha JH, Newell K, Miller DW, Uéda K, Young AB, Hyman BT, Ashe KH. Motor dysfunction and gliosis with preserved dopaminergic markers in human alpha-synuclein A30P transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2003 Mar-Apr; 24(2):245-58.
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  112. Bastia E, Schwarzschild MA. DARPP chocolate: a caffeinated morsel of striatal signaling. Sci STKE. 2003 Jan 14; 2003(165):PE2.
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  113. Chen J-F & Schwarzschild MA. Gene Knockout Approach to Adenosine A2A receptors in Parkinson’s disease. Drug Development Research. 2003; 58:354-367.
  114. Schwarzsdchild MA, Chen J-F, Chase TN. A2A antagonists for PD - A prime example of translational neuroscience. Neurology. 2003; 61(11 Suppl 6):S3-4.
  115. Chen JF, Steyn S, Staal R, Petzer JP, Xu K, Van Der Schyf CJ, Castagnoli K, Sonsalla PK, Castagnoli N, Schwarzschild MA. 8-(3-Chlorostyryl)caffeine may attenuate MPTP neurotoxicity through dual actions of monoamine oxidase inhibition and A2A receptor antagonism. J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 27; 277(39):36040-4.
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  116. Leibovich SJ, Chen JF, Pinhal-Enfield G, Belem PC, Elson G, Rosania A, Ramanathan M, Montesinos C, Jacobson M, Schwarzschild MA, Fink JS, Cronstein B. Synergistic up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in murine macrophages by adenosine A(2A) receptor agonists and endotoxin. Am J Pathol. 2002 Jun; 160(6):2231-44.
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  117. Montesinos MC, Desai A, Chen JF, Yee H, Schwarzschild MA, Fink JS, Cronstein BN. Adenosine promotes wound healing and mediates angiogenesis in response to tissue injury via occupancy of A(2A) receptors. Am J Pathol. 2002 Jun; 160(6):2009-18.
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  118. Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF, Ascherio A. Caffeinated clues and the promise of adenosine A(2A) antagonists in PD. Neurology. 2002 Apr 23; 58(8):1154-60.
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  119. Xu K, Xu YH, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA. Caffeine's neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity shows no tolerance to chronic caffeine administration in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2002 Mar 29; 322(1):13-6.
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  120. Fredduzzi S, Moratalla R, Monopoli A, Cuellar B, Xu K, Ongini E, Impagnatiello F, Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF. Persistent behavioral sensitization to chronic L-DOPA requires A2A adenosine receptors. J Neurosci. 2002 Feb 1; 22(3):1054-62.
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  121. Kanthasamy AG, Sharma N, Kirby ML & Schwarzschild MA. . Neuroprotective Strategies in Parkinson’s Disease. In: J Marwah, EH Lo, editors. Neuroprotection. 2002; 603-640.
  122. Gearan T, Castillo OA, Schwarzschild MA. The parkinsonian neurotoxin, MPP+ induces phosphorylated c-Jun in dopaminergric neurons of mesencephalic cultures. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2001 Sep; 8(1):19-22.
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  123. Chen JF, Xu K, Petzer JP, Staal R, Xu YH, Beilstein M, Sonsalla PK, Castagnoli K, Castagnoli N, Schwarzschild MA. Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2001 May 15; 21(10):RC143.
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  124. Armstrong JM, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Apasov S, Smith PT, Caldwell C, Chen P, Figler H, Sullivan G, Fink S, Linden J, Sitkovsky M. Gene dose effect reveals no Gs-coupled A2A adenosine receptor reserve in murine T-lymphocytes: studies of cells from A2A-receptor-gene-deficient mice. Biochem J. 2001 Feb 15; 354(Pt 1):123-30.
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  125. Chen JF, Moratalla R, Impagnatiello F, Grandy DK, Cuellar B, Rubinstein M, Beilstein MA, Hackett E, Fink JS, Low MJ, Ongini E, Schwarzschild MA. The role of the D(2) dopamine receptor (D(2)R) in A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)R)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A(2A) and D(2) receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 13; 98(4):1970-5.
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  126. Ongini E, Monopoli A, Impagnatiello F, Fredduzzi S, Schwarzschild MA & Chen J-F. . Dual actions of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists on motor dysfunction and neurodegerative processes. Drug Development Research. 2001; 52:379-386.
  127. Haskó G, Kuhel DG, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Deitch EA, Mabley JG, Marton A, Szabó C. Adenosine inhibits IL-12 and TNF-[alpha] production via adenosine A2a receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms. FASEB J. 2000 Oct; 14(13):2065-74.
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  128. Apasov SG, Chen JF, Smith PT, Schwarzschild MA, Fink JS, Sitkovsky MV. Study of A(2A) adenosine receptor gene deficient mice reveals that adenosine analogue CGS 21680 possesses no A(2A) receptor-unrelated lymphotoxicity. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Sep; 131(1):43-50.
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  129. Francis JW, Brown RH, Figueiredo D, Remington MP, Castillo O, Schwarzschild MA, Fishman PS, Murphy JR, vanderSpek JC. Enhancement of diphtheria toxin potency by replacement of the receptor binding domain with tetanus toxin C-fragment: a potential vector for delivering heterologous proteins to neurons. J Neurochem. 2000 Jun; 74(6):2528-36.
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  130. Chen JF, Beilstein M, Xu YH, Turner TJ, Moratalla R, Standaert DG, Aloyo VJ, Fink JS, Schwarzschild MA. Selective attenuation of psychostimulant-induced behavioral responses in mice lacking A(2A) adenosine receptors. Neuroscience. 2000; 97(1):195-204.
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  131. Chen JF, Huang Z, Ma J, Zhu J, Moratalla R, Standaert D, Moskowitz MA, Fink JS, Schwarzschild MA. A(2A) adenosine receptor deficiency attenuates brain injury induced by transient focal ischemia in mice. J Neurosci. 1999 Nov 1; 19(21):9192-200.
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  132. Schwarzschild MA, Cole RL, Meyers MA, Hyman SE. Contrasting calcium dependencies of SAPK and ERK activations by glutamate in cultured striatal neurons. J Neurochem. 1999 Jun; 72(6):2248-55.
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  133. Schwarzschild MA & Fink JS. Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex of Guam. In: Joseph AB, Young RR, editors. Movement Disorders in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry. 1999.
  134. Schwarzschild MA, Cole RL, Hyman SE. Glutamate, but not dopamine, stimulates stress-activated protein kinase and AP-1-mediated transcription in striatal neurons. J Neurosci. 1997 May 15; 17(10):3455-66.
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  135. Schwarzschild M, Rordorf G, Bekken K, Buonanno F, Schmahmann JD. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus with misleading features of irreversible dementias: a case report. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1997 Apr; 10(2):51-4.
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  136. Schwarzschild MA. Movement Disorders. In: Cudkowicz M & Irizarry M, editors. Neurologic Disorders in Women. 1997; 133-138.
  137. Hyman SE, Cole RL, Schwarzschild MA, Konradi C, Cole D & Hope B. . Molecular mechanisms of striatal gene regulation: a critical role for glutamate in dopamine-mediated gene induction. In: Merchant K, editor. Pharmacological Regulation of Gene Expression in the CNS. 1996; 115-136.
  138. Schwarzschild MA, Dauer WT, Lewis SE, Hamill LK, Fink JS, Hyman SE. Leukemia inhibitory factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor increase activated Ras in a neuroblastoma cell line and in sympathetic neuron cultures. J Neurochem. 1994 Oct; 63(4):1246-54.
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  139. Provenzale JM, Schwarzschild MA. Hemiballismus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994 Aug; 15(7):1377-82.
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  140. Schwarzschild MA. Nail in the Brain. [Images in Medicine series]. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993; 328:620.
  141. Schwarzschild MA, Zigmond RE. Effects of peptides of the secretin-glucagon family and cyclic nucleotides on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in sympathetic nerve endings. J Neurochem. 1991 Feb; 56(2):400-6.
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  142. Schwarzschild MA, Vale W, Corigliano-Murphy AC, Pisano JJ, Ip NY, Zigmond RE. Activation of ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase by peptides of the secretin-glucagon family: structure-function studies. Neuroscience. 1989; 31(1):159-67.
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  143. Zigmond RE, Schwarzschild MA, Rittenhouse AR. Acute regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase by nerve activity and by neurotransmitters via phosphorylation. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1989; 12:415-61.
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  144. Schwarzschild MA, Zigmond RE. Secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide activate tyrosine hydroxylase in sympathetic nerve endings. J Neurosci. 1989 Jan; 9(1):160-6.
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  145. Rittenhouse AR, Schwarzschild MA, Zigmond RE. Both synaptic and antidromic stimulation of neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion acutely increase tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Neuroscience. 1988 Apr; 25(1):207-15.
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  146. Schwarzschild MA. The peptidergic and cholinergic regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in a sympathetic ganglion and its end organs. 1988.
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